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<p>The study aimed to evaluate the water quality index (WQI) and the relationship between total dissolved solids (TDS) and other major elements in drainage waters associated with the Bahr El-Baqar drain in Egypt. The findings indicated that all examined drainage waters were classified as non-sodic, with the Bahr El-Baqar drain's water deemed suitable for agricultural use. The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) values ranged from -3.1 to -1.15&#xa0;mmol L-1, averaging -2.04&#xa0;mmol L-1. While the Bahr El-Baqar drain was suitable for irrigation, the drains from Sheeben Al-Qanter, Belbais, and Jabal Al-Asfar presented medium hazards, necessitating specific usage restrictions based on the drain. The study recommended the use of Al-Qalubiya main drain water with caution, particularly avoiding salt-sensitive plants in light-textured or moderately permeable soils. Conversely, plants with slight salt sensitivity could be irrigated with water from the Belbais, Sheeben Al-Qanter, and Bahr El-Baqar drains, provided they were grown in soils with moderate to high porosity and mild salt leaching. For the Al-Qulzm, Khousos, and Jabal Al-Asfar drains, it was advised to irrigate salt-tolerant plants using appropriate salinity management techniques, particularly in highly permeable soils. The methodology included rigorous sampling and analysis of various water quality parameters, adhering to established protocols to ensure accurate results. All things considered, the average daily consumption of HMs is assessed to be below the desirable and advised levels. Additionally, the average weekly intake of hazardous metals was significantly lower than the provisional tolerated weekly intake (PTWI).</p>

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Evaluation of the Water Quality Index of some Drains Linked to the Bahr El-Baqar Drain and Study of Heavy Metals in Vegetables Grown Around Them and Their Potential Risks to the Health

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月2日

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  • Haifa A. S. Alhaithloul,
  • Khalid G. Soliman,
  • Ahmed H. Ibrahim,
  • Awatif M. Abdulmajeed,
  • Alaa Muqbil Alsirhani,
  • Mohamed A. Abdein,
  • Mesfer M. Alqahtani,
  • Fauzeya Mateq Albalwe,
  • Muhammad Tahir,
  • Maha M. Elshamy,
  • Elmadawy G. A. Kedra,
  • Gamal A. Zayed,
  • Adly M. Abd Al-Hamed

摘要

The study aimed to evaluate the water quality index (WQI) and the relationship between total dissolved solids (TDS) and other major elements in drainage waters associated with the Bahr El-Baqar drain in Egypt. The findings indicated that all examined drainage waters were classified as non-sodic, with the Bahr El-Baqar drain's water deemed suitable for agricultural use. The residual sodium carbonate (RSC) values ranged from -3.1 to -1.15 mmol L-1, averaging -2.04 mmol L-1. While the Bahr El-Baqar drain was suitable for irrigation, the drains from Sheeben Al-Qanter, Belbais, and Jabal Al-Asfar presented medium hazards, necessitating specific usage restrictions based on the drain. The study recommended the use of Al-Qalubiya main drain water with caution, particularly avoiding salt-sensitive plants in light-textured or moderately permeable soils. Conversely, plants with slight salt sensitivity could be irrigated with water from the Belbais, Sheeben Al-Qanter, and Bahr El-Baqar drains, provided they were grown in soils with moderate to high porosity and mild salt leaching. For the Al-Qulzm, Khousos, and Jabal Al-Asfar drains, it was advised to irrigate salt-tolerant plants using appropriate salinity management techniques, particularly in highly permeable soils. The methodology included rigorous sampling and analysis of various water quality parameters, adhering to established protocols to ensure accurate results. All things considered, the average daily consumption of HMs is assessed to be below the desirable and advised levels. Additionally, the average weekly intake of hazardous metals was significantly lower than the provisional tolerated weekly intake (PTWI).