<p>Bioflocculants, a sustainable alternative to conventional metal-based flocculants, are gaining attention in wastewater treatment. Following the PRISMA framework, this paper reviews 60 studies to provide comprehensive insights into bioflocculant production. The bacterial species used, their extraction sources, growth mediums, and the factors influencing bioflocculant flocculating activity were discussed. The findings highlighted that industrial-scale application of bioflocculant requires careful control of external factors and optimal operating parameters, such as pH, carbon or nitrogen sources, and cation addition. The interplay between these factors, along with the bioflocculant source, mixing process, and wastewater strength, determine the large-scale applicability of bioflocculant. The main challenge for researchers is providing cost-effective and optimal production conditions to yield the best flocculating activity. This paper aims to guide future research in overcoming these challenges, thereby advancing the field of bioflocculant production and contributing to sustainable wastewater treatment solutions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>