Combating Lead (Pb) Contamination: Integrating Biomonitoring, Advanced Detection, and Remediation for Environmental and Public Health

Heavy metal contamination, particularly lead (Pb), causes serious global health problems. The industrial use of Pb has resulted in broad environmental contamination and severe toxicity, including neurological illnesses, developmental problems in children, and chronic diseases. Natural processes as well as human activity such as smelting and battery production are major causes of Pb contamination. Children and pregnant women are especially vulnerable to Pb exposure, which has a wide-ranging impact on many organ systems. Recent advances in detection, such as atomic spectrometry and GIS, as well as remediation technologies, such as nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, have enhanced monitoring and mitigation of lead contamination. Biomonitoring employing biological indicators, as well as identifying biomarkers of exposure, effect, and susceptibility, are critical for developing tailored therapies to reduce Pb harm. Furthermore, biomonitoring and environmental monitoring are critical in finding the most effective remediation procedures. While current physical repair procedures are successful, they are frequently expensive and complicated. Microbe-based remediation is a potential, low-maintenance option. This review emphasizes interdisciplinary collaboration to defend against Pb contamination by leading remediation activities with precise biomonitoring and proposing management solutions. It incorporates recent improvements in monitoring and remediation technology, resulting in a strong foundation for efficiently addressing Pb exposure. These activities are intended to reduce dangers, protect human health, and assure environmental safety for future generations.