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<p>Groundwater depletion and salinization threaten agricultural sustainability in arid regions such as the Meybod pistachio orchards within the Yazd-Ardakan Plain (YAP), central Iran. This study evaluates managed aquifer recharge (MAR) using treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation and aquifer replenishment through an integrated approach combining groundwater-flow and solute-transport modelling (MODFLOW-MT3DMS), field investigations, and trade-off analysis. Model results show that replacing groundwater abstraction with TWW irrigation for two years increased groundwater level (GL) by 0.2 <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:m\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> on average, from 1064.47 to 1064.67 <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:m\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, while reducing electrical conductivity (EC) by 43.4 <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\mu\:S\:{cm}^{-1}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, from 8799.87 to 8756.47 <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:\mu\:S\:{cm}^{-1}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, across the study area. Irrigation energy demand declined from 697,732 to 569,703 <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:kWh\:{yr}^{-1}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, saving 128,029 <InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:kWh\:{yr}^{-1}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (18.3%), and farm-level economic analysis indicates pistachio net profitability increased from 5,878 <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:US\$ha^{-1}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> to 9,810 <InlineEquation ID="IEq8"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:US\$\:ha^{-1}\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation>, a gain of about 66.8% in the TWW-based MAR scenario. Interpreted through an ecosystem-services (ESs) lens, these outcomes demonstrate concurrent gains in provisioning, regulating, and energy-related services, supporting sustainable agricultural livelihoods in arid regions.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Reframing Reclaimed Wastewater as a Resource: Socio-Ecological and Economic Benefits of Managed Reuse in an Arid Agricultural System

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月27日

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  • Hamidreza Bana Bafrouei,
  • Saeed Alimohammadi,
  • Hossein Azhdari

摘要

Groundwater depletion and salinization threaten agricultural sustainability in arid regions such as the Meybod pistachio orchards within the Yazd-Ardakan Plain (YAP), central Iran. This study evaluates managed aquifer recharge (MAR) using treated wastewater (TWW) for irrigation and aquifer replenishment through an integrated approach combining groundwater-flow and solute-transport modelling (MODFLOW-MT3DMS), field investigations, and trade-off analysis. Model results show that replacing groundwater abstraction with TWW irrigation for two years increased groundwater level (GL) by 0.2 \(\:m\) on average, from 1064.47 to 1064.67 \(\:m\) , while reducing electrical conductivity (EC) by 43.4 \(\:\mu\:S\:{cm}^{-1}\) , from 8799.87 to 8756.47 \(\:\mu\:S\:{cm}^{-1}\) , across the study area. Irrigation energy demand declined from 697,732 to 569,703 \(\:kWh\:{yr}^{-1}\) , saving 128,029 \(\:kWh\:{yr}^{-1}\) (18.3%), and farm-level economic analysis indicates pistachio net profitability increased from 5,878 \(\:US\$ha^{-1}\) to 9,810 \(\:US\$\:ha^{-1}\) , a gain of about 66.8% in the TWW-based MAR scenario. Interpreted through an ecosystem-services (ESs) lens, these outcomes demonstrate concurrent gains in provisioning, regulating, and energy-related services, supporting sustainable agricultural livelihoods in arid regions.

Graphical Abstract