Managing Small and Medium-Sized Drinking Water Systems: Water-Energy-Carbon-Based Resilience Assessment
摘要
Service interruptions due to events such as earthquakes, power outages, and fires significantly reduce the resilience of drinking water systems (DWSs). The water, energy, and carbon nexus (WECN) strengthens DWSs resilience by integrating management strategies, optimizing resource use, mitigating environmental impacts, and improving energy efficiency. Understanding water, energy, and carbon dependencies is critical for assessing the resilience of small and medium-sized DWSs, which helps reduce risks, optimize energy use and its mix, and promote sustainability. Unlike large systems, smaller systems serve fewer customers and face challenges due to insufficient capital and limited data, which affect infrastructure asset management planning. This research developed a hierarchical framework integrating key resilience indicators (KRIs) into four dimensions, including planning and financial, social, technical, and environmental, contributing to the overall resilience of the DWSs. The fuzzy-based method first selected 28 out of 47 initially identified KRIs based on their relevance, measurability, and understandability, and subsequently aggregated the KRIs into a top-level resilience index (RI). The framework was applied to two medium-sized DWSs in the Okanagan Valley, BC, each serving fewer than 100,000 individuals. The findings indicate varying levels of improvement, ranging from major upgrades to minor adjustments, to enhance the resilience of the studied systems. The developed framework assists utilities in prioritizing improvement actions, monitoring changes, supporting informed decision-making, and facilitating strategic planning for enhancing resilience in DWSs.