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<p>Several countries have implemented water pricing frameworks, yet issues including water abstraction costs, excessive water consumption, and water resource waste persist. Contemporary research lacks a thorough grasp of the water pricing framework due to regional differences. This paper attempts to examine the existing context and implications of the raw water price (RP) in different nations, analyzes the clustering characteristics of the water supply tariff (WT) across 80 countries, investigates the developmental trajectory of the transition from RP to WT, and performs a quantitative analysis of the terminal water price (TP) literature. Specifically, water resources can be priced as resources, commodities, welfare, or commodities with resource properties, depending on the water ownership and abstraction department. Additionally, the Group-Based Trajectory Model can categorize WT in different countries into five groups, while water usage type, government behavior, and region culture affect WT clustering typically, but water resource amount influence untypically. Keywords co-occurrence and cluster analysis demonstrate TP hot topics in agricultural, residential, and industrial discussions focus on irrigation efficiency, water price elasticity, and industrial water reuse, respectively. Therefore, this study can support an overall understanding of the water pricing framework through systematic literature review, scientific interpretation of water price development, and objective description of field knowledge structure.</p>

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Structure, Development and Effects of Global Water Pricing in the Sustainability Context: A Review

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月26日

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  • Fengguang Lyu,
  • Hongbo Zhang,
  • Chiheng Dang,
  • Jingru Zhang

摘要

Several countries have implemented water pricing frameworks, yet issues including water abstraction costs, excessive water consumption, and water resource waste persist. Contemporary research lacks a thorough grasp of the water pricing framework due to regional differences. This paper attempts to examine the existing context and implications of the raw water price (RP) in different nations, analyzes the clustering characteristics of the water supply tariff (WT) across 80 countries, investigates the developmental trajectory of the transition from RP to WT, and performs a quantitative analysis of the terminal water price (TP) literature. Specifically, water resources can be priced as resources, commodities, welfare, or commodities with resource properties, depending on the water ownership and abstraction department. Additionally, the Group-Based Trajectory Model can categorize WT in different countries into five groups, while water usage type, government behavior, and region culture affect WT clustering typically, but water resource amount influence untypically. Keywords co-occurrence and cluster analysis demonstrate TP hot topics in agricultural, residential, and industrial discussions focus on irrigation efficiency, water price elasticity, and industrial water reuse, respectively. Therefore, this study can support an overall understanding of the water pricing framework through systematic literature review, scientific interpretation of water price development, and objective description of field knowledge structure.