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<p>Near-real-time floodwater depth estimation from satellite imagery is vital for emergency response, evacuation planning, resource allocation, infrastructure assessment, and disaster mitigation. Directly estimating floodwater depth at a large scale is challenging and cannot be achieved remotely. To address this limitation, the present study proposes a novel GIS-based methodological approach for estimating the floodwater depths by leveraging near-real-time extents derived from multi-sensor satellites and topographic data. It is specifically designed to rely solely on floodwater extent and topographic data as inputs. In particular, it estimates floodwater depth using terrain elevations at the flood extent boundaries. However, its primary distinction from existing approaches lies in deriving water surface elevation (WSE) from these boundaries. It uses the cross-sections drawn across the centerlines of the flood extents to create the WSE by interpolating their values assigned from the extents’ boundary elevations. The underlying method, namely FlDepth, employs advanced GIS tools to automate processes, ensuring seamless and accurate analysis across diverse terrains. The study evaluates the methodology against hydrodynamic model benchmarks, the Floodwater Depth Tool (FwDET), and the ICESat-2 ATL13 datasets. FlDetph strongly aligned with hydrodynamic simulations (accuracy &gt; 87%, errors &lt; 20&#xa0;cm, NSE ~ 1). Furthermore, by comparing FlDepth water levels against ICESat-2 ATL13, the system demonstrated a strong correlation and consistent alignment between the two datasets. Applications in flood-prone Assam and Bihar during the 2024 monsoon highlighted the method’s resilience and predictive accuracy. The FlDepth is designed to run for fluvial and pluvial floods in a reasonable time over a larger area and complex terrains.</p>

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FlDepth: A New Method for Estimating Fluvial and Pluvial Flood Depths from Near Real-Time Satellite-Derived Inundation Map and Topography

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Anjaneyulu Akkimi,
  • Srinivasulu Jella,
  • Radha Manasa Peesapati,
  • Amanpreet Singh,
  • Durga Rao KHV,
  • Prakash Chauhan

摘要

Near-real-time floodwater depth estimation from satellite imagery is vital for emergency response, evacuation planning, resource allocation, infrastructure assessment, and disaster mitigation. Directly estimating floodwater depth at a large scale is challenging and cannot be achieved remotely. To address this limitation, the present study proposes a novel GIS-based methodological approach for estimating the floodwater depths by leveraging near-real-time extents derived from multi-sensor satellites and topographic data. It is specifically designed to rely solely on floodwater extent and topographic data as inputs. In particular, it estimates floodwater depth using terrain elevations at the flood extent boundaries. However, its primary distinction from existing approaches lies in deriving water surface elevation (WSE) from these boundaries. It uses the cross-sections drawn across the centerlines of the flood extents to create the WSE by interpolating their values assigned from the extents’ boundary elevations. The underlying method, namely FlDepth, employs advanced GIS tools to automate processes, ensuring seamless and accurate analysis across diverse terrains. The study evaluates the methodology against hydrodynamic model benchmarks, the Floodwater Depth Tool (FwDET), and the ICESat-2 ATL13 datasets. FlDetph strongly aligned with hydrodynamic simulations (accuracy > 87%, errors < 20 cm, NSE ~ 1). Furthermore, by comparing FlDepth water levels against ICESat-2 ATL13, the system demonstrated a strong correlation and consistent alignment between the two datasets. Applications in flood-prone Assam and Bihar during the 2024 monsoon highlighted the method’s resilience and predictive accuracy. The FlDepth is designed to run for fluvial and pluvial floods in a reasonable time over a larger area and complex terrains.