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<p>The effective management of ecosystem services (ES) requires a clear understanding of the relationship between supply and demand. However, the effects of scale on ES zoning remain insufficiently investigated. Moreover, the differences between supply-side zoning strategies and demand-side zoning strategies are not well understood. Here, we use the ecosystem service supply‒demand ratio (ESDR) to identify ES bundles and design zoning strategies at both the grid and watershed scales. We compare ES supplies and demands, ES bundles, and zoning designs at these scales. Our results indicate that the supply–demand imbalance is 1.3 times greater at the watershed scale than at the grid scale. Additionally, ES interactions are more pronounced at the grid scale, where eight types of ES bundles were identified, compared with only six at the watershed scale. These findings highlight the importance of considering both supplies and demands, as well as multiscale effects, in ES zoning design.</p>

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Spatial–Temporal Heterogeneity of Ecosystem Service Supply–Demand at the Grid and Watershed Scales

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月22日

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  • Dongjie Guan,
  • Jiameng Cao,
  • Xiaofeng Fan,
  • Lilei Zhou,
  • Xiujuan He,
  • Xinyu Liu,
  • Xusen Zhu,
  • Kangwen Zhu

摘要

The effective management of ecosystem services (ES) requires a clear understanding of the relationship between supply and demand. However, the effects of scale on ES zoning remain insufficiently investigated. Moreover, the differences between supply-side zoning strategies and demand-side zoning strategies are not well understood. Here, we use the ecosystem service supply‒demand ratio (ESDR) to identify ES bundles and design zoning strategies at both the grid and watershed scales. We compare ES supplies and demands, ES bundles, and zoning designs at these scales. Our results indicate that the supply–demand imbalance is 1.3 times greater at the watershed scale than at the grid scale. Additionally, ES interactions are more pronounced at the grid scale, where eight types of ES bundles were identified, compared with only six at the watershed scale. These findings highlight the importance of considering both supplies and demands, as well as multiscale effects, in ES zoning design.