Modeling Water Age and Chlorine Reduction Effects on Water Quality in the Distribution Network of the Lower Usuma Dam Using EPANET

This study used EPANET to model the effects of water age and chlorine reduction on water quality in the Lower Usuma Dam distribution network. Water samples from 11 locations were analyzed for chlorine, pH, turbidity, and microbial contamination. The EPANET model, calibrated with this data, simulated chlorine decay and assessed the impacts of hydraulic factors on water quality. The results showed chlorine levels dropped below WHO standards within three days, highlighting the need for continuous treatment and monitoring. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing water treatment and distribution to ensure safe drinking water.