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<p>Propylparaben, a frequently used preservative in cosmetics, medicines, and food items, has gained attention due to its extensive prevalence and possible ecological consequences. This research has been conducted to assess the impacts of propylparaben on hematobiochemical parameters, histopathology, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme activity, genotoxicity and apoptosis regulatory gene expression in <i>Labeo rohita</i>. Fish were exposed to three concentrations (3&#xa0;mg/L, 6&#xa0;mg/L, and 10&#xa0;mg/L) of propyl paraben for 21 days. Results revealed significant alterations in hematobiochemical parameters. Alterations were observed in the soft tissues of fish, for example, the liver, kidneys, and gills. The gills exhibit lamellar lifting damaged epithelial tissues, deformities in bone cells, and oedema. The liver displayed elongated tubules, sinusoidal spaces, and melano-macrophages, while the kidney displayed sinusoidal spaces, necrosis, and pyknotic nuclei. Propyl paraben causes oxidative stress by inhibiting the activity of enzymes that function as antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) and Peroxidase (POD). Comet assay reported DNA damage in red blood cells (RBCs) of fish. Gene expression study indicated decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and increased expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax, indicating that apoptosis in tissues causes cell death. These results indicated that propyl paraben is potentially genotoxic, causes tissue damage, alters biochemical parameters, induces oxidative stress and regulate apoptosis gene expression.</p>

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Propylparaben exposure induces hematobiochemical alterations, genotoxicity oxidative stress and apoptosis in Labeo rohita

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月27日

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  • Hasnain Akmal,
  • Shabbir Ahmad,
  • Muhammad Ahsan Riaz,
  • Farhat Jabeen,
  • Shahid Sherzada,
  • Khurram Shahzad

摘要

Propylparaben, a frequently used preservative in cosmetics, medicines, and food items, has gained attention due to its extensive prevalence and possible ecological consequences. This research has been conducted to assess the impacts of propylparaben on hematobiochemical parameters, histopathology, oxidative stress, antioxidant enzyme activity, genotoxicity and apoptosis regulatory gene expression in Labeo rohita. Fish were exposed to three concentrations (3 mg/L, 6 mg/L, and 10 mg/L) of propyl paraben for 21 days. Results revealed significant alterations in hematobiochemical parameters. Alterations were observed in the soft tissues of fish, for example, the liver, kidneys, and gills. The gills exhibit lamellar lifting damaged epithelial tissues, deformities in bone cells, and oedema. The liver displayed elongated tubules, sinusoidal spaces, and melano-macrophages, while the kidney displayed sinusoidal spaces, necrosis, and pyknotic nuclei. Propyl paraben causes oxidative stress by inhibiting the activity of enzymes that function as antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), catalase (CAT) and Peroxidase (POD). Comet assay reported DNA damage in red blood cells (RBCs) of fish. Gene expression study indicated decreased expression of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 and increased expression of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax, indicating that apoptosis in tissues causes cell death. These results indicated that propyl paraben is potentially genotoxic, causes tissue damage, alters biochemical parameters, induces oxidative stress and regulate apoptosis gene expression.