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<p>The present study evaluated the effects of increasing concentrations of eugenol on cardiac electrophysiological activity in <i>Oreochromis niloticus</i> (Nile tilapia) to establish a humane and effective euthanasia protocol. Forty-five fish (24.38 ± 2.5&#xa0;g) were randomly assigned to five groups: control, vehicle (70% ethanol), and three eugenol treatments (700, 800, and 900 µL L⁻¹). Electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings were obtained using silver electrodes and a high-impedance amplifier for 30&#xa0;min. Cardiac parameters, including heart rate, QRS amplitude, and PQ, RR, and QT intervals, were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s tests. A concentration-dependent decrease in heart rate and ECG amplitude was observed. The 700 µL. L⁻¹ group showed a 53.8% reduction in heart rate compared with the control, whereas 800 µL. L⁻¹ and 900 µL. L⁻¹ induced complete cardiac arrest within 30&#xa0;min of exposure. These results demonstrate that eugenol exerts a dose-dependent depressive effect on cardiac excitability in <i>O. niloticus</i>, supporting its use as a humane euthanasia agent for experimental and aquaculture settings. The findings provide electrophysiological evidence of cardiac inhibition induced by high eugenol concentrations, contributing to the refinement of fish welfare protocols.</p>

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Evaluation of different concentrations of eugenol (Syzigium aromaticum) on electrocardiography of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus, L. 1758)

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月10日

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  • Clarissa Araújo da Paz,
  • Axell Lins,
  • Luciana Eiró Quirino,
  • Daniella Bastos de Araujo,
  • Thaysa de Sousa Reis,
  • Gabriela Brito Barbosa,
  • Rayllan da Cunha Ferreira,
  • Yris da Silva Deiga,
  • Luana Vasconcelos de Souza,
  • Marcelo Victor dos Santos Brito,
  • Moisés Hamoy

摘要

The present study evaluated the effects of increasing concentrations of eugenol on cardiac electrophysiological activity in Oreochromis niloticus (Nile tilapia) to establish a humane and effective euthanasia protocol. Forty-five fish (24.38 ± 2.5 g) were randomly assigned to five groups: control, vehicle (70% ethanol), and three eugenol treatments (700, 800, and 900 µL L⁻¹). Electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings were obtained using silver electrodes and a high-impedance amplifier for 30 min. Cardiac parameters, including heart rate, QRS amplitude, and PQ, RR, and QT intervals, were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey’s tests. A concentration-dependent decrease in heart rate and ECG amplitude was observed. The 700 µL. L⁻¹ group showed a 53.8% reduction in heart rate compared with the control, whereas 800 µL. L⁻¹ and 900 µL. L⁻¹ induced complete cardiac arrest within 30 min of exposure. These results demonstrate that eugenol exerts a dose-dependent depressive effect on cardiac excitability in O. niloticus, supporting its use as a humane euthanasia agent for experimental and aquaculture settings. The findings provide electrophysiological evidence of cardiac inhibition induced by high eugenol concentrations, contributing to the refinement of fish welfare protocols.