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Background <p>Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and Newcastle disease (ND) impose substantial economic burdens on global poultry production, with combined annual losses exceeding $3&#xa0;billion worldwide. Current vaccination strategies requiring separate immunizations increase handling stress and operational costs.</p> Objective <p>To evaluate immunogenicity, cross-neutralization patterns, protective efficacy against virulent challenge, maternal antibody transfer, and commercial field performance of a novel multivalent inactivated vaccine containing fowl adenovirus (FAdV) serotypes 2, 8a, 8b, and 11 combined with Newcastle disease virus (NDV).</p> Methods <p>Two randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trials were conducted: SPF trial (<i>n</i> = 200, Egypt) and commercial field trial (<i>n</i> = 120,000, Saudi Arabia). The multivalent vaccine contained inactivated FAdV serotypes 2, 8a, 8b, and 11 plus NDV strains, administered at 10 and 16 weeks of age with 24-week monitoring.</p> Results <p>Vaccination induced robust antibody responses with FAdV ELISA geometric mean titers (GMT) reaching 22,847 (95% CI: 18,245 − 28,589) at weeks 4–6 post-primary vaccination, with peak anamnestic response of 28,945 (95% CI: 23,186 − 36,115) at week 8 following booster (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001) and NDV hemagglutination inhibition titers of 9.8 log₂ (95% CI: 8.4–11.4) (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Challenge studies demonstrated 96.7% protection against FAdV-2 (species D) (29/30 vaccinated vs. 6/30 controls; Fisher’s exact <i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001) and 100% protection against NDV (30/30 vs. 0/30). Maternal antibody transfer efficiency was 68.6% for IBH and 81.7% for NDV, with half-lives of 4.2 and 4.8 days respectively, providing 24–28 days and 21–24 days protection in progeny. Commercial field trial (120,000 birds) demonstrated 94.2% reduction in IBH mortality with 3.47:1 return on investment.</p> Conclusions <p>The multivalent IBH–NDV vaccine provides comprehensive immunological protection and consistent field efficacy. Although the cross-neutralization assay included representative serotypes, broader testing across additional field isolates is warranted to further define cross-protective breadth. Cross-neutralization analysis confirms the necessity of multivalent formulations due to type-specific immunity patterns, supporting implementation for integrated disease control in commercial broiler operations. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a quadrivalent FAdV–NDV inactivated vaccine demonstrating efficient maternal antibody transfer in broiler breeders.</p>

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Multivalent fowl Adenovirus-Newcastle disease vaccine: comprehensive evaluation in SPF and commercial broiler breeders

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月7日

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  • Nahed Yahia,
  • Ahmed Abdelhalim,
  • Sara Hussein Mahmoud,
  • Abdelhamid Bazid,
  • Ravi Kumar,
  • Hussein Aljassas,
  • Maryam Alhnout,
  • Dana Alhassan,
  • Hussien Ali Hussien,
  • Samah Eid,
  • Ahmed Aly Khalil

摘要

Background

Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and Newcastle disease (ND) impose substantial economic burdens on global poultry production, with combined annual losses exceeding $3 billion worldwide. Current vaccination strategies requiring separate immunizations increase handling stress and operational costs.

Objective

To evaluate immunogenicity, cross-neutralization patterns, protective efficacy against virulent challenge, maternal antibody transfer, and commercial field performance of a novel multivalent inactivated vaccine containing fowl adenovirus (FAdV) serotypes 2, 8a, 8b, and 11 combined with Newcastle disease virus (NDV).

Methods

Two randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled trials were conducted: SPF trial (n = 200, Egypt) and commercial field trial (n = 120,000, Saudi Arabia). The multivalent vaccine contained inactivated FAdV serotypes 2, 8a, 8b, and 11 plus NDV strains, administered at 10 and 16 weeks of age with 24-week monitoring.

Results

Vaccination induced robust antibody responses with FAdV ELISA geometric mean titers (GMT) reaching 22,847 (95% CI: 18,245 − 28,589) at weeks 4–6 post-primary vaccination, with peak anamnestic response of 28,945 (95% CI: 23,186 − 36,115) at week 8 following booster (p < 0.001) and NDV hemagglutination inhibition titers of 9.8 log₂ (95% CI: 8.4–11.4) (p < 0.001). Challenge studies demonstrated 96.7% protection against FAdV-2 (species D) (29/30 vaccinated vs. 6/30 controls; Fisher’s exact p < 0.0001) and 100% protection against NDV (30/30 vs. 0/30). Maternal antibody transfer efficiency was 68.6% for IBH and 81.7% for NDV, with half-lives of 4.2 and 4.8 days respectively, providing 24–28 days and 21–24 days protection in progeny. Commercial field trial (120,000 birds) demonstrated 94.2% reduction in IBH mortality with 3.47:1 return on investment.

Conclusions

The multivalent IBH–NDV vaccine provides comprehensive immunological protection and consistent field efficacy. Although the cross-neutralization assay included representative serotypes, broader testing across additional field isolates is warranted to further define cross-protective breadth. Cross-neutralization analysis confirms the necessity of multivalent formulations due to type-specific immunity patterns, supporting implementation for integrated disease control in commercial broiler operations. This study provides a detailed evaluation of a quadrivalent FAdV–NDV inactivated vaccine demonstrating efficient maternal antibody transfer in broiler breeders.