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<p>Urban reforestation programs seek to offset the detrimental effects of urbanization on tree cover and associated ecosystem services. One understudied ecosystem service that urban forests may provide is biological control of insect pests in adjacent managed landscapes by providing habitat for natural enemy arthropods. As forest fragments mature, ecosystem services such as biological control may accrue within fragments and in adjacent landscapes. We measured arthropod natural enemy abundance within and surrounding 20 urban forest fragments in Lexington, Kentucky, USA, that were each planted between 1999 and 2019, representing a 20-year chronosequence. We collected natural enemies at three locations within fragments and at 0, 5, and 10&#xa0;m away from fragment edges using yellow pan traps. We also measured fragment size and impervious surface cover surrounding each fragment at a 100&#xa0;m and 1000&#xa0;m radius. Fragment size and surrounding impervious cover did not influence natural enemy abundance within or outside fragments. Parasitoid wasp spillover was higher outside of older relative to newer fragments while no other natural enemy group was affected by forest age either inside or outside fragments. Natural enemy abundance was greater outside fragments relative to the interior, and natural enemy abundances were similar at edges and 10&#xa0;m away from edges in adjacent lawns or meadows. Our findings indicate that reforestation in urban areas can support natural enemy spillover to adjacent landscapes and this effect appears to increase over time since establishment. Urban forest fragments may reduce the severity of pest outbreaks in adjacent managed landscapes.</p>

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Older urban forest fragments support parasitoid wasp spillover into adjacent landscapes

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月2日

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  • Caleb J. Wilson,
  • Kenton Sena,
  • Zoe McComas,
  • Zachary McComas

摘要

Urban reforestation programs seek to offset the detrimental effects of urbanization on tree cover and associated ecosystem services. One understudied ecosystem service that urban forests may provide is biological control of insect pests in adjacent managed landscapes by providing habitat for natural enemy arthropods. As forest fragments mature, ecosystem services such as biological control may accrue within fragments and in adjacent landscapes. We measured arthropod natural enemy abundance within and surrounding 20 urban forest fragments in Lexington, Kentucky, USA, that were each planted between 1999 and 2019, representing a 20-year chronosequence. We collected natural enemies at three locations within fragments and at 0, 5, and 10 m away from fragment edges using yellow pan traps. We also measured fragment size and impervious surface cover surrounding each fragment at a 100 m and 1000 m radius. Fragment size and surrounding impervious cover did not influence natural enemy abundance within or outside fragments. Parasitoid wasp spillover was higher outside of older relative to newer fragments while no other natural enemy group was affected by forest age either inside or outside fragments. Natural enemy abundance was greater outside fragments relative to the interior, and natural enemy abundances were similar at edges and 10 m away from edges in adjacent lawns or meadows. Our findings indicate that reforestation in urban areas can support natural enemy spillover to adjacent landscapes and this effect appears to increase over time since establishment. Urban forest fragments may reduce the severity of pest outbreaks in adjacent managed landscapes.