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<p>Rapid urbanization in cities like Bangkok has led to rapid transformation in land use and land cover (LULC), driving a declination in ecosystem services and values. While extensive research exists on LULC changes globally, few studies have quantitatively investigated the effects of these changes on ecosystem service values (ESVs) in Southeast Asia, particularly with a focus on temporal and spatial dynamics. This study fills this research gap by analyzing LULC changes in Bangkok from 1995 to 2025, projecting future trends until 2045, and quantifying the corresponding impacts on ES. The study utilizes high-resolution satellite imagery, GIS-based spatial analysis, and an integrated ESVs accounting model to track LULC transitions and estimate the monetary value of ES in response to urban growth. Key results indicate the built-up lands in Bangkok increased by 47.69% over the past three decades, while cultivated areas and natural vegetation reduced by 19.5% and 25.3%, respectively. Water bodies saw a reduction of approximately 15.8%. The loss of ESVs is substantial, with total ESVs declining from $190.06&#xa0;million in 1995 to $131.16&#xa0;million in 2025, and projected to fall further to $112.67&#xa0;million by 2045. Regulating services, particularly water regulation and waste treatment, experienced the highest losses, with water regulation services alone projected to decline by $35.3&#xa0;million by 2045. Supporting services like nutrient cycling and pollination are expected to decrease by $8.79&#xa0;million. This research underscores the pressing need for ecosystem-based urban resilience planning, with priorising restoring blue-green infrastructure (BGI) and aligning land-use strategies with sustainability goals. The findings offer valued understandings for policymakers seeking to mitigate the ecological impacts of urbanization in rapidly developing regions.</p>

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Reaping the cost of expansion: How rapid urbanization in Bangkok is reducing ecosystem services

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月7日

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  • Malay Pramanik,
  • Harekrishna Manna,
  • Koushik Chowdhury

摘要

Rapid urbanization in cities like Bangkok has led to rapid transformation in land use and land cover (LULC), driving a declination in ecosystem services and values. While extensive research exists on LULC changes globally, few studies have quantitatively investigated the effects of these changes on ecosystem service values (ESVs) in Southeast Asia, particularly with a focus on temporal and spatial dynamics. This study fills this research gap by analyzing LULC changes in Bangkok from 1995 to 2025, projecting future trends until 2045, and quantifying the corresponding impacts on ES. The study utilizes high-resolution satellite imagery, GIS-based spatial analysis, and an integrated ESVs accounting model to track LULC transitions and estimate the monetary value of ES in response to urban growth. Key results indicate the built-up lands in Bangkok increased by 47.69% over the past three decades, while cultivated areas and natural vegetation reduced by 19.5% and 25.3%, respectively. Water bodies saw a reduction of approximately 15.8%. The loss of ESVs is substantial, with total ESVs declining from $190.06 million in 1995 to $131.16 million in 2025, and projected to fall further to $112.67 million by 2045. Regulating services, particularly water regulation and waste treatment, experienced the highest losses, with water regulation services alone projected to decline by $35.3 million by 2045. Supporting services like nutrient cycling and pollination are expected to decrease by $8.79 million. This research underscores the pressing need for ecosystem-based urban resilience planning, with priorising restoring blue-green infrastructure (BGI) and aligning land-use strategies with sustainability goals. The findings offer valued understandings for policymakers seeking to mitigate the ecological impacts of urbanization in rapidly developing regions.