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<p>Urbanization is widely recognized as a major threat to biodiversity. Flower-visiting insects, especially hymenopterans such as bees, serve as important indicators for biological conservation in large cities due to their crucial role in pollination and ecosystem services. This study analyzed data collected from 2019 to 2022 in Beijing, China, by examining inflorescences of various plant species across different habitats for hymenopteran visitors. Field sampling was conducted at 28 sites over the four-year period. Each sampling event took place on a single day between 09:00 and 17:00 under sunny, calm, and warm conditions. Within a delimited 20 × 20&#xa0;m plot at each site, a standardized protocol was applied over approximately four hours. The results revealed distinct bee community compositions between urban and ecological conservation zones. In ecological conservation zones, <i>Bombus ignitus</i> was the most abundant bee species, whereas <i>Apis mellifera</i> dominated in urban areas. Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) showed a significant reduction in wild bee richness in urban zones, with species counts 59.3% lower than in conservation areas. Similarly, flower-visitor species richness was 54.2% lower in urban zones. Non-native honey bees (<i>Apis mellifera</i>) appear to outcompete native pollinators in urban environments. These findings suggest that megacities can support bee and hymenopteran diversity through urban planning that integrates ecological conservation zones, thereby balancing biodiversity preservation with urban development.</p>

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Sustaining urban bee diversity: the role of planning zones in Beijing megacity conservation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Lixia Tian,
  • Wenqing Liu,
  • Huan Wang,
  • Su Wang,
  • Guoyue Yu,
  • Jiawen Du,
  • Wenxiang Li,
  • Yanyan Qu,
  • Ningxing Huang,
  • Xilian Xu

摘要

Urbanization is widely recognized as a major threat to biodiversity. Flower-visiting insects, especially hymenopterans such as bees, serve as important indicators for biological conservation in large cities due to their crucial role in pollination and ecosystem services. This study analyzed data collected from 2019 to 2022 in Beijing, China, by examining inflorescences of various plant species across different habitats for hymenopteran visitors. Field sampling was conducted at 28 sites over the four-year period. Each sampling event took place on a single day between 09:00 and 17:00 under sunny, calm, and warm conditions. Within a delimited 20 × 20 m plot at each site, a standardized protocol was applied over approximately four hours. The results revealed distinct bee community compositions between urban and ecological conservation zones. In ecological conservation zones, Bombus ignitus was the most abundant bee species, whereas Apis mellifera dominated in urban areas. Generalized Linear Mixed Models (GLMM) showed a significant reduction in wild bee richness in urban zones, with species counts 59.3% lower than in conservation areas. Similarly, flower-visitor species richness was 54.2% lower in urban zones. Non-native honey bees (Apis mellifera) appear to outcompete native pollinators in urban environments. These findings suggest that megacities can support bee and hymenopteran diversity through urban planning that integrates ecological conservation zones, thereby balancing biodiversity preservation with urban development.