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<p><i>Haemonchus contortus</i> is one of the most economically devastating gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants, with escalating anthelmintic resistance threatening sustainable parasitic control. The present study evaluated the in vivo efficacy, safety, and physiological effects of an aqueous whole-plant extract of <i>Swertia chirata</i> against naturally occurring <i>H. contortus</i> infections in Barbari goats under field conditions. Thirty goats with faecal egg counts (FEC) ≥ 1000 eggs/g were randomly allocated into five groups (<i>n</i> = 6): untreated control, closantel (10&#xa0;mg/kg), and <i>S. chirata</i> extract at 50, 250, and 500&#xa0;mg/kg body weight. Representative samples confirmed the presence of <i>H. contortus</i> through PCR amplification and sequencing of the ITS-2 region. Anthelmintic efficacy was assessed using WAAVP-compliant faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), and associated haematological, biochemical and antioxidant alterations were evaluated over 28 days. Closantel achieved a 100% reduction in FEC by day 14. The highest extract dose (500&#xa0;mg/kg) produced a significant, dose-dependent reduction in egg shedding, reaching 60.65% by day 28 (<i>P</i> &lt; 0.05), whereas lower doses showed minimal efficacy. Notably, high-dose treatment resulted in significant improvements in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total serum protein, and ferric reducing antioxidant power, accompanied by a reduction in eosinophilia without evidence of hepatic or renal toxicity. Although the efficacy did not meet the ≥ 95% WAAVP threshold for standalone anthelmintic classification, the extract demonstrated moderate, albeit subtherapeutic efficacy and adjunct physiological benefits. These findings provide field-based evidence supporting <i>S. chirata</i> as a safe complementary phyto-therapeutic candidate for integrated parasite management strategies aimed at reducing the reliance on synthetic anthelmintics in small ruminant production systems.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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In vivo anthelmintic efficacy, hematobiochemical and antioxidant effects of Swertia chirata in Barbari goats naturally infected with Haemonchus contortus

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月8日

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  • Ramakant,
  • Tarun Kumar Sarkar,
  • Prem Sagar Maurya,
  • Arbind Singh,
  • Vikas Jaiswal,
  • Ayush Pal,
  • Devesh Kumar Yadav,
  • Amit Kumar Verma

摘要

Haemonchus contortus is one of the most economically devastating gastrointestinal nematodes in small ruminants, with escalating anthelmintic resistance threatening sustainable parasitic control. The present study evaluated the in vivo efficacy, safety, and physiological effects of an aqueous whole-plant extract of Swertia chirata against naturally occurring H. contortus infections in Barbari goats under field conditions. Thirty goats with faecal egg counts (FEC) ≥ 1000 eggs/g were randomly allocated into five groups (n = 6): untreated control, closantel (10 mg/kg), and S. chirata extract at 50, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight. Representative samples confirmed the presence of H. contortus through PCR amplification and sequencing of the ITS-2 region. Anthelmintic efficacy was assessed using WAAVP-compliant faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), and associated haematological, biochemical and antioxidant alterations were evaluated over 28 days. Closantel achieved a 100% reduction in FEC by day 14. The highest extract dose (500 mg/kg) produced a significant, dose-dependent reduction in egg shedding, reaching 60.65% by day 28 (P < 0.05), whereas lower doses showed minimal efficacy. Notably, high-dose treatment resulted in significant improvements in haemoglobin, packed cell volume, total serum protein, and ferric reducing antioxidant power, accompanied by a reduction in eosinophilia without evidence of hepatic or renal toxicity. Although the efficacy did not meet the ≥ 95% WAAVP threshold for standalone anthelmintic classification, the extract demonstrated moderate, albeit subtherapeutic efficacy and adjunct physiological benefits. These findings provide field-based evidence supporting S. chirata as a safe complementary phyto-therapeutic candidate for integrated parasite management strategies aimed at reducing the reliance on synthetic anthelmintics in small ruminant production systems.

Graphical Abstract