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<p>The objective of the present study was to compare the chemical and mineral composition of <i>Moringa oleifera</i> and <i>Clitoria ternatea</i> as non-conventional protein sources with <i>Medicago sativa</i> as a conventional source, and to evaluate their effects on the in vitro ruminal fermentation profile and the production of total gas (TG), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) during a 72&#xa0;h incubation period. The chemical and mineral composition differed among species (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.023), which was associated with differentiated responses in ruminal fermentation and gas production. <i>C</i>. <i>ternatea</i> recorded higher concentrations of crude protein, magnesium, and iron; <i>Moringa oleifera</i> showed lower contents of neutral and acid detergent fiber and higher concentrations of ether extract, non-structural carbohydrates, total digestible nutrients, and relative forage value; whereas <i>M</i>. <i>sativa</i> presented the highest concentrations of potassium, calcium, and manganese. In the kinetic parameters, <i>M. sativa</i> showed a greater asymptotic production of TG and higher productions of TG, CO<sub>2</sub>, and CH<sub>4</sub> per unit of dry matter compared with <i>M. oleifera</i> and <i>C. ternatea</i> (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.007). In contrast, <i>C. ternatea</i> exhibited the lowest asymptotic gas production and lower gas volumes throughout incubation, while <i>M. oleifera</i> recorded longer lag times and the lowest proportion of CH<sub>4</sub> relative to TG (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.009). In the ruminal fermentation profile, pH was slightly higher in <i>C. ternatea</i>, dry matter degradability, microbial biomass production, and partitioning factor were greater in <i>M. oleifera</i>, and metabolizable energy and short-chain fatty acid values were higher in <i>M. sativa</i> (<i>p</i> ≤ 0.023). Overall, these results indicate that <i>M. oleifera</i> and <i>C. ternatea</i> represent viable non-conventional protein alternatives for ruminants, with a favorable fermentative profile and potential to mitigate CH₄ production without compromising ruminal fermentation efficiency.</p>

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Assessment of Moringa oleifera and Clitoria ternatea as non-conventional protein sources: chemical composition, greenhouse gas production, and rumen fermentation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月14日

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  • Yaudeth Azahel Olvera-Ramírez,
  • Nadia Alejandra Sánchez-Guerra,
  • Moyosore Joseph Adegbeye,
  • José Reyes-Hernández,
  • Yeni Widiawati,
  • Andrés Gilberto Limas-Martínez,
  • Edwin Rafael Alvarado-Ramírez

摘要

The objective of the present study was to compare the chemical and mineral composition of Moringa oleifera and Clitoria ternatea as non-conventional protein sources with Medicago sativa as a conventional source, and to evaluate their effects on the in vitro ruminal fermentation profile and the production of total gas (TG), carbon dioxide (CO2), and methane (CH4) during a 72 h incubation period. The chemical and mineral composition differed among species (p ≤ 0.023), which was associated with differentiated responses in ruminal fermentation and gas production. C. ternatea recorded higher concentrations of crude protein, magnesium, and iron; Moringa oleifera showed lower contents of neutral and acid detergent fiber and higher concentrations of ether extract, non-structural carbohydrates, total digestible nutrients, and relative forage value; whereas M. sativa presented the highest concentrations of potassium, calcium, and manganese. In the kinetic parameters, M. sativa showed a greater asymptotic production of TG and higher productions of TG, CO2, and CH4 per unit of dry matter compared with M. oleifera and C. ternatea (p ≤ 0.007). In contrast, C. ternatea exhibited the lowest asymptotic gas production and lower gas volumes throughout incubation, while M. oleifera recorded longer lag times and the lowest proportion of CH4 relative to TG (p ≤ 0.009). In the ruminal fermentation profile, pH was slightly higher in C. ternatea, dry matter degradability, microbial biomass production, and partitioning factor were greater in M. oleifera, and metabolizable energy and short-chain fatty acid values were higher in M. sativa (p ≤ 0.023). Overall, these results indicate that M. oleifera and C. ternatea represent viable non-conventional protein alternatives for ruminants, with a favorable fermentative profile and potential to mitigate CH₄ production without compromising ruminal fermentation efficiency.