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<p>Worldwide swine industry is seriously threatened by the extremely contagious viral disease known as classical swine fever (CSF), which affects domestic pigs as well as wild boars. A thorough meta-analysis of the prevalence of CSF worldwide shows considerable regional variation, with pooled prevalence estimates that are especially high in places of Asia such as China, Vietnam, though immunization and control measures are implemented. Meta-analysis was conducted using meta-package of R software and prevalence estimates were calculated. Classical swine fever was reported from 40 countries with high event numbers (<i>n</i> = 95; 28,38,350 samples) showed a higher pooled prevalence of 62.35% (95% CI: 15%–24%) with maximum heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 100%) using random effect model. The stratified analysis of epidemiological subgroups, driven by differences in event counts, sample types, diagnostic methods, and geographic regions. Studies with high event numbers reported a markedly higher pooled prevalence (62.43%) and maximum heterogeneity (I<sup>2</sup> = 100%) compared to those with low event counts (37.37%, I<sup>2</sup> = 98.1%). Sample-wise analysis indicated that serum samples yielded the highest prevalence (86.44%), followed by mixed sample groups (4.34%–21.73%), while tissues showed the lowest (2.5%). Diagnostic method showed ELISA as the most sensitive, reporting the highest prevalence (66.53%), followed by FAT (34.98%), and serum neutralization (22.48%), with RT-PCR producing the lowest (3.08%). Geographically, Asia exhibited the highest prevalence (85.99%), far exceeding Europe (14.99%), Africa (14.97%), Australia (6.08%), and America (1.29%). High heterogeneity persisted across all subgroup analyses, underscoring the variability in CSF prevalence estimates. This comprehensive analysis identifies global CSF hotspots and key diagnostic and methodological gaps, offering clear guidance for targeted vaccination and strengthened molecular epidemiological surveillance to advance coordinated efforts toward CSF eradication.</p>

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Global prevalence of classical swine fever in domestic pigs: an integrative systematic review and meta-analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月4日

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  • Nagarajan Siddharthan,
  • Sharanagouda S. Patil,
  • Venkataramappa Mouna,
  • Muruganantham Vijay,
  • Mahadevaswamy Roopa,
  • Kuralayanapalya Puttahonnappa Suresh,
  • Jagadish Hiremath,
  • Shivasharanappa Nayakvadi

摘要

Worldwide swine industry is seriously threatened by the extremely contagious viral disease known as classical swine fever (CSF), which affects domestic pigs as well as wild boars. A thorough meta-analysis of the prevalence of CSF worldwide shows considerable regional variation, with pooled prevalence estimates that are especially high in places of Asia such as China, Vietnam, though immunization and control measures are implemented. Meta-analysis was conducted using meta-package of R software and prevalence estimates were calculated. Classical swine fever was reported from 40 countries with high event numbers (n = 95; 28,38,350 samples) showed a higher pooled prevalence of 62.35% (95% CI: 15%–24%) with maximum heterogeneity (I2 = 100%) using random effect model. The stratified analysis of epidemiological subgroups, driven by differences in event counts, sample types, diagnostic methods, and geographic regions. Studies with high event numbers reported a markedly higher pooled prevalence (62.43%) and maximum heterogeneity (I2 = 100%) compared to those with low event counts (37.37%, I2 = 98.1%). Sample-wise analysis indicated that serum samples yielded the highest prevalence (86.44%), followed by mixed sample groups (4.34%–21.73%), while tissues showed the lowest (2.5%). Diagnostic method showed ELISA as the most sensitive, reporting the highest prevalence (66.53%), followed by FAT (34.98%), and serum neutralization (22.48%), with RT-PCR producing the lowest (3.08%). Geographically, Asia exhibited the highest prevalence (85.99%), far exceeding Europe (14.99%), Africa (14.97%), Australia (6.08%), and America (1.29%). High heterogeneity persisted across all subgroup analyses, underscoring the variability in CSF prevalence estimates. This comprehensive analysis identifies global CSF hotspots and key diagnostic and methodological gaps, offering clear guidance for targeted vaccination and strengthened molecular epidemiological surveillance to advance coordinated efforts toward CSF eradication.