<p>The increasing presence of pharmaceutical compounds in clinical and environmental systems necessitates the development of sensitive, sustainable, and cost-effective analytical methods. This review critically examines recent advances in biomass-derived electrochemical sensors for the detection of six widely used pharmaceuticals: paracetamol, dopamine, diclofenac, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin, and azithromycin. Emphasis is placed on the design and functionalization of biomass-based materials, including activated carbon, biochar, cellulose, and lignin derivatives, as electrode modifiers.These materials offer significant advantages such as high surface area, abundant functional groups, and enhanced electrocatalytic activity, leading to improved sensitivity and selectivity. The performance of these sensors, primarily evaluated using differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry, demonstrates low detection limits and broad linear ranges, even in complex sample matrices. This review highlights the structureperformance relationships of biomassderived nanomaterials and identifies their role in advancing ecofriendly sensing platforms. It further outlines current challenges and future prospects, establishing biomassbased electrochemical sensors as promising candidates for nextgeneration pharmaceutical monitoring technologies.</p>