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<p>Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have gained immense interest for their catalytic efficiency, magnetic recoverability, and environmental compatibility. This review focuses on the green synthesis of IONPs using plant-based extracts and biogenic routes that offer a safer and sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods. Various characterization techniques such as FTIR, SEM, XRD, and VSM are explored to understand the structure, functionality, and magnetism of synthesized nanoparticles. The catalytic applications of IONPs are highlighted, particularly in contaminant removal and dye degradation, emphasizing their role in wastewater remediation. The regeneration and recovery of IONPs are also discussed, demonstrating that IONPs can be regenerated and reused by chemical desorption, surface washing, and microwave-assisted strategies. In addition, the scale-up, long-term environmental benignity and the technical application of IONPs in practical system are examined. The extensive studies in this review are expected to help researchers move toward to fabricating low-cost, reusable, and green iron oxide nanomaterials.</p>

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Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Catalytic Applications: Synthesis, Characterization, and Environmental Performance

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月10日

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  • Shaikh Mohd. Waseem,
  • Sourabh Vitthal Gaikwad,
  • Vishal Ashok Pandit,
  • Nilkanth N. Kapse

摘要

Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) have gained immense interest for their catalytic efficiency, magnetic recoverability, and environmental compatibility. This review focuses on the green synthesis of IONPs using plant-based extracts and biogenic routes that offer a safer and sustainable alternative to conventional chemical methods. Various characterization techniques such as FTIR, SEM, XRD, and VSM are explored to understand the structure, functionality, and magnetism of synthesized nanoparticles. The catalytic applications of IONPs are highlighted, particularly in contaminant removal and dye degradation, emphasizing their role in wastewater remediation. The regeneration and recovery of IONPs are also discussed, demonstrating that IONPs can be regenerated and reused by chemical desorption, surface washing, and microwave-assisted strategies. In addition, the scale-up, long-term environmental benignity and the technical application of IONPs in practical system are examined. The extensive studies in this review are expected to help researchers move toward to fabricating low-cost, reusable, and green iron oxide nanomaterials.