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<p>Pristine ZnO and a series of Cr- and Nd-substituted zinc oxide nanoparticles have been prepared via the sol–gel method. The X-ray diffraction spectra confirm the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the samples, with no undesirable phases present. The bandgap of the fabricated ZnO nanoparticles shows a redshift toward the visible region due to co-doping. The formation of the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure is also supported by Raman spectra. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the co-doped nanoparticles reveal various emissions and structural defects. Magnetic hysteresis loops indicate that the co-doped ZnO nanoparticles are ferromagnetic, with ferromagnetism increasing as Cr ion concentrations rise. The degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) dyes under solar irradiation was conducted at room temperature. The co-doped ZnO nanoparticles (5% Cr and 1% Nd) exhibit the best photocatalytic and ferromagnetic properties, making them suitable candidates for addressing industrial pollutants and for spin-based electronic devices.</p>

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Zn0.99−xNd0.01CrxO Synthesis Via Sol–Gel Route: Effect of Doping on Structural, Optical, magnetic and Photocatalytic Properties

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月4日

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  • Ripan Kumar,
  • Harmanjit Singh Dosanjh,
  • William Wilson Anku

摘要

Pristine ZnO and a series of Cr- and Nd-substituted zinc oxide nanoparticles have been prepared via the sol–gel method. The X-ray diffraction spectra confirm the hexagonal wurtzite structure of the samples, with no undesirable phases present. The bandgap of the fabricated ZnO nanoparticles shows a redshift toward the visible region due to co-doping. The formation of the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure is also supported by Raman spectra. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of the co-doped nanoparticles reveal various emissions and structural defects. Magnetic hysteresis loops indicate that the co-doped ZnO nanoparticles are ferromagnetic, with ferromagnetism increasing as Cr ion concentrations rise. The degradation of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (RhB) dyes under solar irradiation was conducted at room temperature. The co-doped ZnO nanoparticles (5% Cr and 1% Nd) exhibit the best photocatalytic and ferromagnetic properties, making them suitable candidates for addressing industrial pollutants and for spin-based electronic devices.