Photocatalytic Degradation of an Emerging Pollutant with Cu-Doped Gallium-Based Liquid Metal Catalysts, Under Visible Illumination
摘要
Heterogeneous photocatalysis is a highly efficient process for degrading recalcitrant and emerging pollutants. This work investigates the properties of gallium-indium oxides heterojunction photocatalysts synthesized from a gallium-based liquid metal (Ga75.5In24.5 alloy) doped with Cu ions at 5, 7 and 10 wt (CuxIG) and without doping (IG). CuxIG were synthesized by simple precipitation assisted by a hydrothermal process and subjected to a thermal treatment at 1000 °C. These materials were characterized by XRD, XPS, FT-IR, UV-Vis-IR spectroscopy in diffuse reflectance mode, TGA, and SEM/EDX. These photocatalysts reveal a CuxO/In2O3/Ga2O3 heterojunction. The copper content influences the structural, morphological, optical, and photocatalytic properties. The photocatalytic activity of these materials was investigated in degrading acetaminophen (Ac), a nonbiodegradable and highly recalcitrant compound persistent to conventional treatment processes, at pH 3, 5, 7, and 9. IG photocatalyst showed photocatalytic activity under UVB light (~ 90% Ac degradation at pH 5 and 7). CuxIG heterojunction photocatalysts have photocatalytic activity under visible illumination (at pH 5), and the optimal concentration of copper species is at 5% wt. However, CuxIG photocatalysts exhibited low stability in cycling; the photoactivity decreased considerably after the first cycle. Different scavengers were used to propose an Ac degradation route.