Enzyme Conjugation - A Promising Tool for Bio-catalytic and Biotransformation Applications – A Review

Enzymes have revolutionized conventional industrial catalysts as more efficient, eco-friendly, and sustainable substitutes that can be used in different biotechnological processes, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Yet, the enzymes from nature are engineered to make them adapt and enhance their durability in the industrial environment. One promising approach involves the combined use of multiple enzymes that catalyze highly selective and sequential reactions in a single reaction vessel. The multi-enzymatic biocatalytic systems, achieved through gene fusion, fusion proteins, DNA manipulation and bioconjugation, protein engineering, or attachment to solid support materials for immobilization, such as protein-polymer, silica, metal organic framework, Carbon nanotubes or graphene based hybrids, have found widespread utility across various sectors, including the food industry, wastewater treatment, drug delivery, biosensors and methanol production. Enzyme conjugation enables the creation of novel enzymes with improved kinetics and synergistic effects. Researchers can evolve fusion proteins by fusion enzymes which can evolve novel catalytic activities in Biotechnological processes. These engineered enzymes can contribute in synthetic Biology in construction of synthetic system for various applications. Enzyme conjugation helps in metabolic engineering by optimization of pathways. Researchers can develop pathways for production of Bio-sensors, pharmaceuticals, biofuels and other valuable industrial products. This review comprehensively explores the techniques and applications of enzyme conjugation, highlighting its pivotal role in advancing the field of bio-catalysis.