RETRACTED ARTICLE: Development of Electrochemical Immunosensors for Early Diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), and Their Potential Mobile Phone Application

An effective way of monitoring the biomarker is with electrochemical sensor studies. In this work, it was formed using electrochemical deposition of high conductivity gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and an amine-functional reduced graphene oxide (NH₂-RGO) nanocomposite. This technique not only reduced HAuCl₄ and graphene oxide in situ but also improved the electrocatalytic performance. XRD, SEM, and FTIR analytical methods confirmed the size and structure of the AuNPs/NH₂-RGO nanoparticle. As a result of XRD analysis, AuNPs/NH2-RGO crystal structure was formed. In addition, antibodies (Ab) were immobilized on the modified electrode surface using a self-assembled monolayer. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) methods were used to evaluate the interaction of Ab with antigen. SHBG detection had a dynamic linear range of 0.6–12 nmol/L and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.0043 µM in enhanced sensor applications. The AuNPs/NH₂-RGO based sensor has the potential to be a valuable tool in clinical diagnostic applications in the future.