Isoflux Darcy–Forchheimer–Bénard Convection: Dual Extended Hadley Circulation
摘要
This study extends the classical Darcy–Bénard convection problem for isoflux thermal conditions in a horizontal porous layer with basic cellular flow and Hadley circulation to incorporate the Forchheimer effect taking care of inertial effects at medium/high flow rates. The traditional Darcy–Bénard problem can be considered a limiting case of this extension, omitting the circulation in an infinitely wide single cell. Three key parameters govern the basic circulation and temperature fields in this isoflux Darcy–Forchheimer–Bénard problem: the Forchheimer resistance number, the Rayleigh number, and the horizontal temperature gradient parameter. Although solutions are unique in the classical Darcy flow, dual Hadley solutions are detected in the Forchheimer extended Darcy flow valid for certain limited Forchheimer resistance number. Despite the fact that these solutions are asymmetric themselves, unlike the symmetric structure in the classical Hadley cell, dual solutions are formed as the symmetric part of each other with respect to a movable point. While the temperature gradient parameter enhances and readjusts the temperature distribution through the porous layer, the Forchheimer resistive force is shown to conversely reduce the magnitude of the cellular circulation and lower the overall temperature of the porous media in one instance, it increases in the other, exhibiting contrasting thermal behavior.