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<p>Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) in vitro culture is a fundamental platform for plant biotechnology, genetic transformation, genome editing, and crop improvement. However, its efficiency remains highly dependent on the interaction among media composition, plant growth regulators, genotype, explant source, and culture conditions. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the optimization of rice in vitro culture, with emphasis on media components, growth regulator balance, and genotype-specific responses. Carbon sources, gelling agents, amino acids, organic additives, macro- and microelements, and physical culture conditions strongly influence callus induction, somatic embryogenesis, shoot regeneration, albinism, and browning. Growth regulators, particularly auxin–cytokinin combinations, thidiazuron (TDZ), abscisic acid (ABA), and stress-related hormonal pathways, regulate morphogenesis through complex signaling networks. Genotypic variability, especially between indica and japonica rice, remains a major determinant of regeneration success, supported by evidence from quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes associated with callus induction, regeneration capacity, and browning tolerance. The review further highlights molecular and physiological mechanisms involving nutrient signaling, carbon–nitrogen balance, transcriptional regulation, hormonal crosstalk, oxidative stress, and regeneration failure. Future advances will require genotype-specific optimization, multi-omics integration, genome editing, microbial approaches, and AI-assisted predictive modeling. Overall, successful rice in vitro regeneration depends on the coordinated interactions among media composition, plant growth regulators, genotype, explant source, and culture conditions, rather than on any single factor alone.</p>

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Genotype-specific optimization of rice in vitro regeneration: integrating media, growth regulators, and molecular insights

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月22日

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  • Nandang Permadi,
  • Winda Puspitasari,
  • Mohamad Nurzaman

摘要

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) in vitro culture is a fundamental platform for plant biotechnology, genetic transformation, genome editing, and crop improvement. However, its efficiency remains highly dependent on the interaction among media composition, plant growth regulators, genotype, explant source, and culture conditions. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the optimization of rice in vitro culture, with emphasis on media components, growth regulator balance, and genotype-specific responses. Carbon sources, gelling agents, amino acids, organic additives, macro- and microelements, and physical culture conditions strongly influence callus induction, somatic embryogenesis, shoot regeneration, albinism, and browning. Growth regulators, particularly auxin–cytokinin combinations, thidiazuron (TDZ), abscisic acid (ABA), and stress-related hormonal pathways, regulate morphogenesis through complex signaling networks. Genotypic variability, especially between indica and japonica rice, remains a major determinant of regeneration success, supported by evidence from quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and candidate genes associated with callus induction, regeneration capacity, and browning tolerance. The review further highlights molecular and physiological mechanisms involving nutrient signaling, carbon–nitrogen balance, transcriptional regulation, hormonal crosstalk, oxidative stress, and regeneration failure. Future advances will require genotype-specific optimization, multi-omics integration, genome editing, microbial approaches, and AI-assisted predictive modeling. Overall, successful rice in vitro regeneration depends on the coordinated interactions among media composition, plant growth regulators, genotype, explant source, and culture conditions, rather than on any single factor alone.