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<p><i>B. monnieri</i> (L.) Wettst. is an important medicinal herb valued for its cognitive-enhancing properties, primarily attributed to dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins known as bacosides. Commercial exploitation of field-grown plants is constrained by environmental variability, inconsistent phytochemical content, and conservation concerns, necessitating alternative production strategies. The present study aimed to develop an efficient in vitro propagation system for <i>B. monnieri</i> and to evaluate methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation as a strategy to enhance bacoside accumulation through modulation of terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. Leaf explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with optimized auxin–cytokinin combinations produced compact embryogenic calli and enabled rapid plantlet regeneration, particularly under liquid culture conditions. MeJA elicitation significantly influenced plant growth and secondary metabolite accumulation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. A 10-day exposure to 10 µM MeJA resulted in maximal enhancement of total phenolics, flavonoids, and bacoside A content, achieving approximately a threefold increase compared to untreated controls, while higher concentrations adversely affected biomass accumulation. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed significant upregulation of key genes involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis, including <i>DXS</i>, <i>SQS</i>, <i>BAS</i>, <i>UGT</i>, and the transcription factor <i>MYB2</i>, indicating coordinated activation of the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways under MeJA elicitation. Collectively, the results demonstrate that integration of optimized in vitro propagation with controlled MeJA elicitation provides a reproducible and scalable approach for enhancing bacoside production in <i>B. monnieri</i>, with potential applications in sustainable phytopharmaceutical production.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Integrated in vitro regeneration and methyl jasmonate elicitation enhance bacoside accumulation in Bacopa monnieri via coordinated activation of terpenoid biosynthetic pathways

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月7日

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  • Sasikumar Swathi,
  • Dronamraju VL Sarada

摘要

B. monnieri (L.) Wettst. is an important medicinal herb valued for its cognitive-enhancing properties, primarily attributed to dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins known as bacosides. Commercial exploitation of field-grown plants is constrained by environmental variability, inconsistent phytochemical content, and conservation concerns, necessitating alternative production strategies. The present study aimed to develop an efficient in vitro propagation system for B. monnieri and to evaluate methyl jasmonate (MeJA) elicitation as a strategy to enhance bacoside accumulation through modulation of terpenoid biosynthesis pathways. Leaf explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with optimized auxin–cytokinin combinations produced compact embryogenic calli and enabled rapid plantlet regeneration, particularly under liquid culture conditions. MeJA elicitation significantly influenced plant growth and secondary metabolite accumulation in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. A 10-day exposure to 10 µM MeJA resulted in maximal enhancement of total phenolics, flavonoids, and bacoside A content, achieving approximately a threefold increase compared to untreated controls, while higher concentrations adversely affected biomass accumulation. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed significant upregulation of key genes involved in triterpenoid biosynthesis, including DXS, SQS, BAS, UGT, and the transcription factor MYB2, indicating coordinated activation of the mevalonate and methylerythritol phosphate pathways under MeJA elicitation. Collectively, the results demonstrate that integration of optimized in vitro propagation with controlled MeJA elicitation provides a reproducible and scalable approach for enhancing bacoside production in B. monnieri, with potential applications in sustainable phytopharmaceutical production.

Graphical Abstract