<p>Micropropagation is a key technique in modern horticulture for the large-scale production of genetically uniform and pathogen-free planting material. Recent advances are transforming conventional in vitro propagation into controlled, data-driven, and scalable systems. Innovations in temporary immersion and other bioreactor platforms have improved nutrient availability and reduced physiological disorders, enabling efficient mass multiplication. The use of organic growth additives offers sustainable and low-cost alternatives to synthetic media components, while marker-assisted techniques ensure the genetic fidelity of regenerated plants. Nanomaterials have emerged as promising tools for improving decontamination, nutrient uptake, morphogenesis, and metabolite production; however, their dose-dependent effects and biosafety require careful evaluation. LED-based lighting systems provide precise spectral control, supporting stage-specific growth, physiological responses, and secondary metabolite accumulation. At the same time, automated phenotyping and sensor-based monitoring enable continuous, non-destructive evaluation of in vitro cultures. When integrated with machine learning approaches, these data facilitate predictive modelling and optimisation of culture conditions. Encapsulation and cryopreservation strategies further enhance micropropagation by enabling short- and long-term storage, as well as safe exchange of elite germplasm. Overall, the integration of bioreactors, smart lighting, nanotechnology, automation, and artificial intelligence is driving the development of next-generation micropropagation systems that are more efficient, reproducible, and scalable. This review critically synthesises recent advances, highlights current limitations, and outlines future directions for precision and sustainable in vitro plant production.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>