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<p>Artificial lighting is extensively utilized in controlled-environment agriculture to optimize photosynthetic efficiency and enhance the production of specialized metabolites. This research analyzed the effects of different light-emitting diode (LED) spectra (white, UVA, blue, red, and red + blue) on in vitro-grown Damiana (<i>Turnera diffusa</i>) cultured on hormone-free MS solid medium, using a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment over 30 days. Red + blue light treatment increased most agro-morphological parameters, wherein the highest values of fresh and dry weight, number of branches and leaves, and leaf length and width were obtained in this treatment. Red (4.40 ± 0.34&#xa0;cm) and UVA lights (2.69 ± 0.35) led to the maximum and minimum values for stem length, respectively. LED lighting significantly influenced the synthesis of phenolic chemicals, including quercetin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and catechin. Essential oil analysis revealed 28 constituents, predominantly sesquiterpenes (22.36%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (67.36%), which were most abundant under the combined red + blue light treatment. The maximum total phenolic content was recorded in UVA-treated plants (43.07 ± 0.78&#xa0;mg GAE/g DW). The UVA treatment also yielded the maximum total flavonoid content (96.06 ± 0.47&#xa0;mg RE/g DW), a 4.2-fold increase compared to the white. UVA exposure showed the highest catalase (CAT) (3.6 ± 0.8 Units/mg protein), peroxidase (POD) (9.0 ± 0.9 Units/mg protein), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities (0.97 ± 0.04 Units/mg protein), representing classic stress-induced antioxidant responses. These findings highlighted the capacity of LED lighting techniques to augment biomass buildup and the production of bioactive compositions in Damiana under controlled cultivation systems.</p>

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Light-emitting diode quality changes the growth, biochemical, and phytochemical characteristics of Damiana (Turnera diffusa Willd. ex Schult.) cultured in vitro

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月9日

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  • Oula Almishar,
  • Hassan Esmaeili,
  • Hamid Ranjbar,
  • Hamid Ahadi,
  • Mohammad Hossein Mirjalili

摘要

Artificial lighting is extensively utilized in controlled-environment agriculture to optimize photosynthetic efficiency and enhance the production of specialized metabolites. This research analyzed the effects of different light-emitting diode (LED) spectra (white, UVA, blue, red, and red + blue) on in vitro-grown Damiana (Turnera diffusa) cultured on hormone-free MS solid medium, using a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment over 30 days. Red + blue light treatment increased most agro-morphological parameters, wherein the highest values of fresh and dry weight, number of branches and leaves, and leaf length and width were obtained in this treatment. Red (4.40 ± 0.34 cm) and UVA lights (2.69 ± 0.35) led to the maximum and minimum values for stem length, respectively. LED lighting significantly influenced the synthesis of phenolic chemicals, including quercetin, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and catechin. Essential oil analysis revealed 28 constituents, predominantly sesquiterpenes (22.36%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (67.36%), which were most abundant under the combined red + blue light treatment. The maximum total phenolic content was recorded in UVA-treated plants (43.07 ± 0.78 mg GAE/g DW). The UVA treatment also yielded the maximum total flavonoid content (96.06 ± 0.47 mg RE/g DW), a 4.2-fold increase compared to the white. UVA exposure showed the highest catalase (CAT) (3.6 ± 0.8 Units/mg protein), peroxidase (POD) (9.0 ± 0.9 Units/mg protein), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities (0.97 ± 0.04 Units/mg protein), representing classic stress-induced antioxidant responses. These findings highlighted the capacity of LED lighting techniques to augment biomass buildup and the production of bioactive compositions in Damiana under controlled cultivation systems.