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<p>Plant micropropagation is widely recognized for its ability to produce uniform, disease-free planting material, yet its large-scale deployment remains limited. While thousands of protocols report high multiplication rates under laboratory conditions, relatively few systems achieve stable, continuous production beyond small-scale facilities. This difference indicates that barriers to scale extend beyond plant developmental capacity and are rooted in system-level constraints. This review synthesizes evidence across crops, medicinal plants, forestry species, and ornamentals to examine why biological success at the protocol level often fails to translate into operational viability at scale. We analyze micropropagation as an interconnected system in which inputs, processes, and outputs interact nonlinearly as production volume increases. The review compares major propagation pathways, including organogenesis, callus-mediated regeneration, somatic embryogenesis, temporary immersion systems, suspension cultures, and photoautotrophic micropropagation, highlighting their distinct biological trade-offs under scaling pressures. Particular emphasis is placed on cost structure, energy demand, labor intensity, contamination risk, plant quality, and acclimatization survival. Evidence from both high-input commercial operations and resource-limited systems suggests that strategies focused solely on maximizing in vitro multiplication or reducing individual inputs often shift costs downstream, eroding gains at scale. We discuss that scalable micropropagation is a system-design challenge rather than a purely biological one. That performance should be evaluated based on cost, reliability, and surviving plants per production cycle. This review proposes combined design principles to guide the development of vigorous, deployable micropropagation systems.</p>

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Cost-effective plant micropropagation: constraints, trade-offs, and challenges in scaling

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Pallavi Nautiyal,
  • Sachin Dimri,
  • Vijay Laxmi Trivedi,
  • Surendra Singh Gusain

摘要

Plant micropropagation is widely recognized for its ability to produce uniform, disease-free planting material, yet its large-scale deployment remains limited. While thousands of protocols report high multiplication rates under laboratory conditions, relatively few systems achieve stable, continuous production beyond small-scale facilities. This difference indicates that barriers to scale extend beyond plant developmental capacity and are rooted in system-level constraints. This review synthesizes evidence across crops, medicinal plants, forestry species, and ornamentals to examine why biological success at the protocol level often fails to translate into operational viability at scale. We analyze micropropagation as an interconnected system in which inputs, processes, and outputs interact nonlinearly as production volume increases. The review compares major propagation pathways, including organogenesis, callus-mediated regeneration, somatic embryogenesis, temporary immersion systems, suspension cultures, and photoautotrophic micropropagation, highlighting their distinct biological trade-offs under scaling pressures. Particular emphasis is placed on cost structure, energy demand, labor intensity, contamination risk, plant quality, and acclimatization survival. Evidence from both high-input commercial operations and resource-limited systems suggests that strategies focused solely on maximizing in vitro multiplication or reducing individual inputs often shift costs downstream, eroding gains at scale. We discuss that scalable micropropagation is a system-design challenge rather than a purely biological one. That performance should be evaluated based on cost, reliability, and surviving plants per production cycle. This review proposes combined design principles to guide the development of vigorous, deployable micropropagation systems.