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<p>In the present study, a comparative evaluation of the amino acid and metabolite profiles of <i>Bacopa monnieri</i> plants grown under two different conditions, ex vitro (pot/tray-raised) and in vitro (tissue culture-raised), was carried out. Significant qualitative and quantitative variations in biomolecular composition were observed and systematically analysed using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). UHPLC-based amino acid profiling revealed significant differences between in vitro and ex vitro samples. In vitro cultures showed elevated levels of glutamic acid (23.145%), cysteine (7.216%), arginine (2.586%), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (2.299%), along with the presence of amino acids such as isoleucine, valine, and tryptophan. In contrast, ex vitro samples had a more balanced profile, with leucine (0.565%) uniquely detected. In addition, GC–MS analysis identified 17 compounds in ex vitro samples and 11 in in vitro samples, with the majority belonging to fatty acids, their esters, and other lipid derivatives, along with minor contributions from terpenoids and unsaturated acids. These variations reflect metabolic reprogramming under controlled in vitro conditions when compared with natural environmental exposure. These insights open avenues for optimising the therapeutic potential of <i>B. monnieri</i> through controlled cultivation strategies. These observed differences are attributed to environmental factors, nutrient availability, and stress conditions experienced by the plants in their respective growth environments. Such strategies can help standardise bioactive compound production, enhance quality control in herbal formulations, and support sustainable, high-throughput cultivation.</p>

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Analytical profiling of metabolites from in vitro and ex vitro cultures of Bacopa monnieri using multi-platform approaches

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月20日

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  • Harshika Joshi,
  • Manu Pant,
  • Gaurav Pant

摘要

In the present study, a comparative evaluation of the amino acid and metabolite profiles of Bacopa monnieri plants grown under two different conditions, ex vitro (pot/tray-raised) and in vitro (tissue culture-raised), was carried out. Significant qualitative and quantitative variations in biomolecular composition were observed and systematically analysed using Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UHPLC), Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). UHPLC-based amino acid profiling revealed significant differences between in vitro and ex vitro samples. In vitro cultures showed elevated levels of glutamic acid (23.145%), cysteine (7.216%), arginine (2.586%), and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (2.299%), along with the presence of amino acids such as isoleucine, valine, and tryptophan. In contrast, ex vitro samples had a more balanced profile, with leucine (0.565%) uniquely detected. In addition, GC–MS analysis identified 17 compounds in ex vitro samples and 11 in in vitro samples, with the majority belonging to fatty acids, their esters, and other lipid derivatives, along with minor contributions from terpenoids and unsaturated acids. These variations reflect metabolic reprogramming under controlled in vitro conditions when compared with natural environmental exposure. These insights open avenues for optimising the therapeutic potential of B. monnieri through controlled cultivation strategies. These observed differences are attributed to environmental factors, nutrient availability, and stress conditions experienced by the plants in their respective growth environments. Such strategies can help standardise bioactive compound production, enhance quality control in herbal formulations, and support sustainable, high-throughput cultivation.