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<p>This study demonstrates the synergistic potential of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)- a novel approach to enhance <i>Cannabis sativa</i> L. micropropagation, metabolite production, and antioxidant activity. Aimed at overcoming limitations in conventional propagation, systematic optimization revealed that AgNPs (50&#xa0;mg/L) combined with PGRs (1&#xa0;mg/L TDZ + 0.1&#xa0;mg/L NAA) significantly improved shoot proliferation, yielding 12.7 shoots per explant, a 1.7 fold increase over PGRs treatment alone (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Similarly, optimized medium (0.5&#xa0;mg/L BAP + 0.1&#xa0;mg/L NAA + 5% sucrose) supplemented with elicitor (50&#xa0;mg/L AgNPs) yielded highest callus induction 80%, a 15.1- fold over control and 1.25-fold over PGR treatment alone. In vitro-grown plants accumulated significantly higher primary metabolites than field-grown plants, including 22% higher protein (489 vs. 401&#xa0;mg/g Fresh weigh), 33% greater carbohydrates (4 × 10⁹ vs. 3 × 10⁹ mg/g Fresh weight), and 11% increased lipids (20 vs. 18&#xa0;mg/g Dry weight). Notably, AgNPs-treated callus cultures exhibited superior antioxidant capacity (66% DPPH scavenging). This is the first report demonstrating that AgNPs simultaneously enhance shoot proliferation, callogenesis, and primary metabolite accumulation in <i>C. sativa.</i> These findings establish that AgNPs act synergistically with PGRs to simultaneously improve <i>C. sativa</i> growth parameters, metabolite biosynthesis, and antioxidant potential, providing an efficient platform for pharmaceutical-grade biomass production. Our optimized protocols enable pharmaceutical-grade biomass production through both: (1) enhanced primary metabolite accumulation in micropropagated plants compared to field-grown specimens, and (2) high-efficiency callus culture production with superior antioxidant capacity.</p>

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Synergistic enhancement of Cannabis sativa L. In vitro growth, metabolite production, and antioxidant activity using silver nanoparticles and plant growth regulators

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月17日

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  • Sheeba Naz,
  • Hammad Afzal Kayani,
  • Ishrat Jamil,
  • Faiza Nadeem,
  • Rabbiya Abdul Qadir,
  • Safia Abdul Qadir

摘要

This study demonstrates the synergistic potential of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)- a novel approach to enhance Cannabis sativa L. micropropagation, metabolite production, and antioxidant activity. Aimed at overcoming limitations in conventional propagation, systematic optimization revealed that AgNPs (50 mg/L) combined with PGRs (1 mg/L TDZ + 0.1 mg/L NAA) significantly improved shoot proliferation, yielding 12.7 shoots per explant, a 1.7 fold increase over PGRs treatment alone (p < 0.05). Similarly, optimized medium (0.5 mg/L BAP + 0.1 mg/L NAA + 5% sucrose) supplemented with elicitor (50 mg/L AgNPs) yielded highest callus induction 80%, a 15.1- fold over control and 1.25-fold over PGR treatment alone. In vitro-grown plants accumulated significantly higher primary metabolites than field-grown plants, including 22% higher protein (489 vs. 401 mg/g Fresh weigh), 33% greater carbohydrates (4 × 10⁹ vs. 3 × 10⁹ mg/g Fresh weight), and 11% increased lipids (20 vs. 18 mg/g Dry weight). Notably, AgNPs-treated callus cultures exhibited superior antioxidant capacity (66% DPPH scavenging). This is the first report demonstrating that AgNPs simultaneously enhance shoot proliferation, callogenesis, and primary metabolite accumulation in C. sativa. These findings establish that AgNPs act synergistically with PGRs to simultaneously improve C. sativa growth parameters, metabolite biosynthesis, and antioxidant potential, providing an efficient platform for pharmaceutical-grade biomass production. Our optimized protocols enable pharmaceutical-grade biomass production through both: (1) enhanced primary metabolite accumulation in micropropagated plants compared to field-grown specimens, and (2) high-efficiency callus culture production with superior antioxidant capacity.