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<p>Iron plays a vital regulatory role in in-vitro morphogenesis and is typically provided by a chelate in the culture media. However, its role in caulogenesis and the potential of nitric oxide to mitigate iron deficiency remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of iron deprivation on <i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L. hypocotyl explants cultured in vitro, specifically focusing on caulogenesis. We also evaluated whether sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, could restore morphogenesis under iron-deficient conditions. Hypocotyl explants (1&#xa0;cm long) excised from 7-day-old in-vitro germinated seedlings were cultured on either Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium or iron-deficient basal medium, with or without sodium nitroprusside supplementation. Transfer experiments were used to determine the critical iron-requirement window, and nitric oxide scavengers (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide and methylene blue) were used to confirm the role of nitric oxide. The iron content was quantified to assess whether nitric oxide influences iron levels or mobilization. Iron was essential during the first 4–6 days of culture, as explants transferred from complete to iron-deficient basal medium after this period maintained a caulogenic response. In contrast, early exposure to iron deficiency significantly inhibits morphogenesis. Sodium nitroprusside supplementation restored caulogenesis under iron-deficient conditions to levels observed in the basal medium. The mitigating effect of sodium nitroprusside was reversed by NO scavengers, confirming the role of nitric oxide. Iron content analysis showed higher levels in explants cultured in complete basal medium than in iron-deficient basal medium. However, sodium nitroprusside did not alter total iron content, suggesting that nitric oxide facilitates internal iron mobilization rather than increasing uptake. These findings highlight the potential role of nitric oxide in the regulation of iron homeostasis during in-vitro morphogenesis. Nitric oxide-mediated iron mobilization can enhance plant regeneration under nutrient-limited conditions, offering significant implications for tissue culture and plant biotechnology.</p>

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Nitric oxide enhances in-vitro caulogenesis in Linum usitatissimum L. (Linaceae) by facilitating iron mobilization

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月15日

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  • Charu Kalra,
  • Latif Ahmad Peer,
  • Durukhshan Zehra,
  • Bilal Ahmad Mir,
  • Shashi Bhushan Babbar

摘要

Iron plays a vital regulatory role in in-vitro morphogenesis and is typically provided by a chelate in the culture media. However, its role in caulogenesis and the potential of nitric oxide to mitigate iron deficiency remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of iron deprivation on Linum usitatissimum L. hypocotyl explants cultured in vitro, specifically focusing on caulogenesis. We also evaluated whether sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, could restore morphogenesis under iron-deficient conditions. Hypocotyl explants (1 cm long) excised from 7-day-old in-vitro germinated seedlings were cultured on either Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium or iron-deficient basal medium, with or without sodium nitroprusside supplementation. Transfer experiments were used to determine the critical iron-requirement window, and nitric oxide scavengers (2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide and methylene blue) were used to confirm the role of nitric oxide. The iron content was quantified to assess whether nitric oxide influences iron levels or mobilization. Iron was essential during the first 4–6 days of culture, as explants transferred from complete to iron-deficient basal medium after this period maintained a caulogenic response. In contrast, early exposure to iron deficiency significantly inhibits morphogenesis. Sodium nitroprusside supplementation restored caulogenesis under iron-deficient conditions to levels observed in the basal medium. The mitigating effect of sodium nitroprusside was reversed by NO scavengers, confirming the role of nitric oxide. Iron content analysis showed higher levels in explants cultured in complete basal medium than in iron-deficient basal medium. However, sodium nitroprusside did not alter total iron content, suggesting that nitric oxide facilitates internal iron mobilization rather than increasing uptake. These findings highlight the potential role of nitric oxide in the regulation of iron homeostasis during in-vitro morphogenesis. Nitric oxide-mediated iron mobilization can enhance plant regeneration under nutrient-limited conditions, offering significant implications for tissue culture and plant biotechnology.