Gyrodactylus abbottinae n. sp. is described from the body surface of the Chinese false gudgeon Abbottina rivularis (Cyprinidae: Gobioninae) in China, supported by integrative morphological and molecular evidence. Morphologically, G. abbottinae n. sp. is distinguished from its congeners (G. rivularae and G. gobioninum) on the same host by the shape of marginal hooks sickle and ventral bar, and male copulatory organ structure. Although the marginal hook shape of G. abbottinae n. sp. resembles species of the wageneri-group (e.g., G. gobii and G. salaris), its haptoral structures are significantly smaller. Phylogenetic analysis based on ITS (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) rDNA sequences revealed that G. abbottinae n. sp. forms a distinct lineage among G. parvae, G. pseudorasborae, G. gobii and G. gobiensis infecting Gobioninae fish, yet clusters within the subgenus G. (Limnonephrotus) alongside species parasitizing Cyprininae (G. kobayashii, G. gurleyi, G. longoacuminatus, G. sprostonae), Rhodeinae (G. rhodei, G. sinenorhodei, G. ocellorhodei and G. acheilorhodei) and Danioninae (G. banmae). The substantial ITS rDNA divergence between G. abbottinae n. sp. and its current phylogenetically related species exceeds conventional thresholds for closely related gyrodactylid species, suggesting probable undiscovered host switching events.