Depressurizing Gettier
摘要
We report three studies on knowledge attributions in Gettier cases and their closely matched control cases (CMCs), i.e., scenarios similar in wording but lacking Gettierization. Although there is rich empirical literature on Gettier cases, CMCs are rarely used. Study 1 tested two scenarios that played an important role in the literature and found that most participants deny knowledge in both Gettierized and CMC variants of these scenarios. We hypothesized that these Gettier cases, besides Gettierization, possess another feature that affects knowledge attributions: skeptical pressure. Study 2 tested this hypothesis by employing ‘depressurized’ versions of Gettier cases (scenarios devoid of elements exerting skeptical pressure) and found that depressurization significantly increases knowledge attributions in CMCs. Study 3 is a pre-registered replication of the main findings. We suggest that some previous studies on Gettier cases confounded two factors, Gettierization and skeptical pressure, and that the impact of these factors on knowledge attributions can be separated by the proper design of study materials.