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<p>Norepinephrine is widely used in critically ill patients, but the relationship between early mean arterial pressure (MAP) exposure and mortality remains heterogeneous. We applied a GPU-assisted and parallelizable deep learning causal inference workflow to estimate the dose–response relationship between calculated average MAP within the first 24&#xa0;h after intensive care unit (ICU) admission and ICU mortality among adult patients receiving norepinephrine. Using Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-III data, 1373 patients were analyzed with causal inference by encoding generative modeling (causalEGM), treating calculated average MAP as a continuous treatment and ICU mortality as the outcome. Model performance, calibration, model-fixed bootstrap uncertainty, limited full-refit bootstrap sensitivity, subgroup conditional dose–response curves, and spline-based sensitivity analyses were evaluated. The fitted causalEGM model showed moderate test-set discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic, 0.717; Brier score, 0.186). The overall average dose–response curve suggested a nonlinear MAP–mortality relationship, with a model-derived statistical nadir at 93.9&#xa0;mmHg (95% model-fixed bootstrap interval, 93.3–94.9&#xa0;mmHg). The 1% practical threshold was lower, at 87.3&#xa0;mmHg (95% interval, 86.2–88.4&#xa0;mmHg). Some subgroup estimates were boundary-dominated, and limited full-refit bootstrap analyses repeatedly placed the nadir near the upper empirical support boundary, indicating sensitivity to model retraining and empirical support. This GPU-assisted, parallelizable causalEGM analysis provides hypothesis-generating evidence of a nonlinear association between calculated average MAP within the first 24&#xa0;h and ICU mortality. The fitted nadir should not be interpreted as a direct clinical MAP target. External and prospective validation is required before clinical implementation.</p>

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Estimating the dose–response relationship between first-24-h mean arterial pressure and ICU mortality in patients receiving norepinephrine: a GPU-assisted causalEGM analysis

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月29日

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  • Yoonjin Kang,
  • Seung Min Song,
  • Ji Eun Kim,
  • Hyo Jin Kim,
  • Eun Jung Cho,
  • Young Joo Kwon,
  • Min Woo Kang

摘要

Norepinephrine is widely used in critically ill patients, but the relationship between early mean arterial pressure (MAP) exposure and mortality remains heterogeneous. We applied a GPU-assisted and parallelizable deep learning causal inference workflow to estimate the dose–response relationship between calculated average MAP within the first 24 h after intensive care unit (ICU) admission and ICU mortality among adult patients receiving norepinephrine. Using Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-III data, 1373 patients were analyzed with causal inference by encoding generative modeling (causalEGM), treating calculated average MAP as a continuous treatment and ICU mortality as the outcome. Model performance, calibration, model-fixed bootstrap uncertainty, limited full-refit bootstrap sensitivity, subgroup conditional dose–response curves, and spline-based sensitivity analyses were evaluated. The fitted causalEGM model showed moderate test-set discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic, 0.717; Brier score, 0.186). The overall average dose–response curve suggested a nonlinear MAP–mortality relationship, with a model-derived statistical nadir at 93.9 mmHg (95% model-fixed bootstrap interval, 93.3–94.9 mmHg). The 1% practical threshold was lower, at 87.3 mmHg (95% interval, 86.2–88.4 mmHg). Some subgroup estimates were boundary-dominated, and limited full-refit bootstrap analyses repeatedly placed the nadir near the upper empirical support boundary, indicating sensitivity to model retraining and empirical support. This GPU-assisted, parallelizable causalEGM analysis provides hypothesis-generating evidence of a nonlinear association between calculated average MAP within the first 24 h and ICU mortality. The fitted nadir should not be interpreted as a direct clinical MAP target. External and prospective validation is required before clinical implementation.