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<p>A significant number of embedded systems are battery-powered, including smartphones, automotive electronics, and drones. As a result, energy management is crucial in the design and application of embedded systems. With the continuous advancement of technology, the design of embedded systems is becoming increasingly complex. Balancing system performance with efficiency has become a critical challenge. This work addresses the energy-aware scheduling problem for real-time applications with precedence constraints in uniform multiprocessor systems with Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS). We propose an energy-efficient algorithm called the Out-Degree-Based Energy-Efficient Real-Time DAG Scheduler (OERDS). The OERDS algorithm consists of three phases: determining task priorities, assigning tasks to processors, and minimizing energy consumption. Of these, the first two phases form a foundational scheduling framework named Energy-Aware Minimization Scheduling Policy for Uniform Multiprocessors (ENSPUM). OERDS effectively exploits the out-degree characteristics of tasks and employs a pre-enhancement approach that selects the appropriate execution frequency for each task-processor pair in the systems. We evaluate the performance of OERDS using real-world benchmark applications and randomly generated DAG. Experimental results demonstrate that OERDS outperforms other approaches in terms of energy efficiency optimization.</p>

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An improved energy-efficient DAG scheduling algorithm for uniform multiprocessor systems

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月21日

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  • Quan-Huang Zhang,
  • Yi-Wen Zhang

摘要

A significant number of embedded systems are battery-powered, including smartphones, automotive electronics, and drones. As a result, energy management is crucial in the design and application of embedded systems. With the continuous advancement of technology, the design of embedded systems is becoming increasingly complex. Balancing system performance with efficiency has become a critical challenge. This work addresses the energy-aware scheduling problem for real-time applications with precedence constraints in uniform multiprocessor systems with Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS). We propose an energy-efficient algorithm called the Out-Degree-Based Energy-Efficient Real-Time DAG Scheduler (OERDS). The OERDS algorithm consists of three phases: determining task priorities, assigning tasks to processors, and minimizing energy consumption. Of these, the first two phases form a foundational scheduling framework named Energy-Aware Minimization Scheduling Policy for Uniform Multiprocessors (ENSPUM). OERDS effectively exploits the out-degree characteristics of tasks and employs a pre-enhancement approach that selects the appropriate execution frequency for each task-processor pair in the systems. We evaluate the performance of OERDS using real-world benchmark applications and randomly generated DAG. Experimental results demonstrate that OERDS outperforms other approaches in terms of energy efficiency optimization.