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<p>In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the virtual backbone (VB) is an effective construction to take the task of message forwarding. It usually requires a connected dominating set (CDS) to guarantee network connectivity and coverage. Nevertheless, the large energy consumption of nodes in CDS tends to lead to the early termination of the network. The duty-cycle scheduling of the VB is an appropriate approach to balance energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime. However, previous works generally assume that all the nodes consume the same amount of energy in each time frame. In practice, the energy consumption of different nodes in each time frame may be different and unpredictable. In this article, the duty-cycle scheduling problem of the VB under a random consumption model is investigated and two novel rotation schemes are proposed. The first scheme, called the energy balance rotation scheme (EBRS), focuses on choosing dominators with relatively higher residual energy to achieve a better energy balance. The second scheme, called the greedy minimum energy rotation scheme (GMERS), searches for a weighted CDS in which the total reciprocal of the energy is minimized. Experimental results show that both schemes can significantly prolong the network lifetime under random energy consumption. Experimental code and simulation scripts are publicly available at <a href="https://github.com/LiuNing600/wsn-vb-rotation-ebrs-gmers.git">https://github.com/LiuNing600/wsn-vb-rotation-ebrs-gmers.git</a>.</p>

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Energy balance with unpredictable consumption in WSNs based on virtual backbone rotation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月22日

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  • Ningning Liu,
  • XiaoYan Li,
  • Xiaoming Wu,
  • Yan Xia

摘要

In wireless sensor networks (WSNs), the virtual backbone (VB) is an effective construction to take the task of message forwarding. It usually requires a connected dominating set (CDS) to guarantee network connectivity and coverage. Nevertheless, the large energy consumption of nodes in CDS tends to lead to the early termination of the network. The duty-cycle scheduling of the VB is an appropriate approach to balance energy consumption and prolong the network lifetime. However, previous works generally assume that all the nodes consume the same amount of energy in each time frame. In practice, the energy consumption of different nodes in each time frame may be different and unpredictable. In this article, the duty-cycle scheduling problem of the VB under a random consumption model is investigated and two novel rotation schemes are proposed. The first scheme, called the energy balance rotation scheme (EBRS), focuses on choosing dominators with relatively higher residual energy to achieve a better energy balance. The second scheme, called the greedy minimum energy rotation scheme (GMERS), searches for a weighted CDS in which the total reciprocal of the energy is minimized. Experimental results show that both schemes can significantly prolong the network lifetime under random energy consumption. Experimental code and simulation scripts are publicly available at https://github.com/LiuNing600/wsn-vb-rotation-ebrs-gmers.git.