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<p>The increasing need for post-quantum security has driven significant research into efficient implementations of lattice-based cryptography, particularly for resource-constrained embedded devices. While hardware accelerators can achieve high throughput, they often sacrifice flexibility and complicate software development, whereas software-only implementations struggle to meet the performance demands of real-time cryptographic workloads. However, few studies focus on hardware/software co-design approaches. In this paper, we present Kyress, a resource-balanced, secure, and scalable CRYSTALS-Kyber cryptosystem designed for low-cost embedded platforms. We implement three execution configurations, software-only experiments on a scalar processor, a combination of a scalar processor and a vector co-processor, and full hardware/software co-design on an FPGA platform as well as simulator for the evaluations. Experimental results show that Kyress achieves up to a <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(6\,\times \,-\,9.76\,\times\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mn>6</mn> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mo>×</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mo>-</mo> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mn>9.76</mn> <mspace width="0.166667em" /> <mo>×</mo> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> speedup over state-of-the-art software implementations and delivers competitive performance compared with existing hardware/software accelerators, while requiring significantly fewer hardware resources.</p>

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Kyress: a secure, scalable, and resource-efficient CRYSTALS-Kyber cryptosystem for low-cost embedded devices

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月27日

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  • Kien Tran-Hoang,
  • Hironori Nakajo

摘要

The increasing need for post-quantum security has driven significant research into efficient implementations of lattice-based cryptography, particularly for resource-constrained embedded devices. While hardware accelerators can achieve high throughput, they often sacrifice flexibility and complicate software development, whereas software-only implementations struggle to meet the performance demands of real-time cryptographic workloads. However, few studies focus on hardware/software co-design approaches. In this paper, we present Kyress, a resource-balanced, secure, and scalable CRYSTALS-Kyber cryptosystem designed for low-cost embedded platforms. We implement three execution configurations, software-only experiments on a scalar processor, a combination of a scalar processor and a vector co-processor, and full hardware/software co-design on an FPGA platform as well as simulator for the evaluations. Experimental results show that Kyress achieves up to a \(6\,\times \,-\,9.76\,\times\) 6 × - 9.76 × speedup over state-of-the-art software implementations and delivers competitive performance compared with existing hardware/software accelerators, while requiring significantly fewer hardware resources.