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<p>The internet of vehicles (IoV), an evolution of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), enhances vehicular intelligence and connectivity by enabling secure vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. However, the dependence on open wireless channels makes IoV vulnerable to attacks, such as replay attacks, impersonation attacks, and man-in-the-middle attacks, while most existing authentication schemes depend on a single trusted authority (TA), leading to scalability and performance bottlenecks. To overcome these limitations, this article proposes a lightweight and privacy-preserving mutual authentication and key agreement protocol that combines elliptic curve cryptography&#xa0;(ECC) with a consortium blockchain. In the proposed scheme, multiple TAs jointly maintain the ledger, while the&#xa0;road side unit (RSU) serves as a&#xa0;validator and the&#xa0;zone manager&#xa0;(ZM) provides localized supervision, ensuring decentralization and scalability. Furthermore, smart contracts enforce validation rules automatically, reducing the dependence on centralized control and enhancing trust. The security of the proposed model is analyzed and validated using the real-or-random&#xa0;(ROR) model and the AVISPA tool. Finally, performance evaluation demonstrates reduced latency, computation, and communication costs compared to related works, confirming that the proposed protocol ensures secure, scalable, and efficient authentication suitable for real-world IoV environments.</p>

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An advanced blockchain-based mutual authentication technique for the internet of vehicles environment

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年10月12日

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  • Suyel Namasudra,
  • Sangjukta Das,
  • Sagnik Datta,
  • Ruben Gonzalez Crespo,
  • David Taniar

摘要

The internet of vehicles (IoV), an evolution of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), enhances vehicular intelligence and connectivity by enabling secure vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communication. However, the dependence on open wireless channels makes IoV vulnerable to attacks, such as replay attacks, impersonation attacks, and man-in-the-middle attacks, while most existing authentication schemes depend on a single trusted authority (TA), leading to scalability and performance bottlenecks. To overcome these limitations, this article proposes a lightweight and privacy-preserving mutual authentication and key agreement protocol that combines elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) with a consortium blockchain. In the proposed scheme, multiple TAs jointly maintain the ledger, while the road side unit (RSU) serves as a validator and the zone manager (ZM) provides localized supervision, ensuring decentralization and scalability. Furthermore, smart contracts enforce validation rules automatically, reducing the dependence on centralized control and enhancing trust. The security of the proposed model is analyzed and validated using the real-or-random (ROR) model and the AVISPA tool. Finally, performance evaluation demonstrates reduced latency, computation, and communication costs compared to related works, confirming that the proposed protocol ensures secure, scalable, and efficient authentication suitable for real-world IoV environments.