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<p>Chain-based routing protocols play a vital role in enabling energy-efficient communication in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Building upon the foundational principles established by power efficient gathering in sensor information systems (PEGASIS), researchers have proposed several modified versions and novel chain-based routing protocols. This paper surveys the evolution of chain-based routing protocols, classifying them into hybrid and non-hybrid categories. Hybrid protocols combine chain topology with other virtual structures---such as clusters, grids or trees---to enhance overall network performance. Our findings highlight that hybrid chain-based routing protocols achieve up to 30% improvement in energy efficiency and 25% reduction in latency compared to non-hybrid chain-based routing protocols. Each protocol is examined comprehensively in this paper, providing in-depth insights into their design and trade-offs, including the balance between scalability and energy consumption.</p>

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A comparative study and survey of chain-based routing protocols in wireless sensor networks

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年6月25日

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  • Rahul Kumar Verma,
  • Shubhra Jain,
  • Abhinesh Kaushik

摘要

Chain-based routing protocols play a vital role in enabling energy-efficient communication in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Building upon the foundational principles established by power efficient gathering in sensor information systems (PEGASIS), researchers have proposed several modified versions and novel chain-based routing protocols. This paper surveys the evolution of chain-based routing protocols, classifying them into hybrid and non-hybrid categories. Hybrid protocols combine chain topology with other virtual structures---such as clusters, grids or trees---to enhance overall network performance. Our findings highlight that hybrid chain-based routing protocols achieve up to 30% improvement in energy efficiency and 25% reduction in latency compared to non-hybrid chain-based routing protocols. Each protocol is examined comprehensively in this paper, providing in-depth insights into their design and trade-offs, including the balance between scalability and energy consumption.