<p>In the original Ulam-Rényi game with <i>m</i> lies/errors, Player I chooses a secret number <InlineEquation ID="IEq3"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\bar{x}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mrow> </mover> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> in a finite search space <i>S</i>, and Player II must guess <InlineEquation ID="IEq4"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\({\bar{x}}\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mover accent="true"> <mrow> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mrow> </mover> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> by adaptively asking Player I a minimum number of binary questions. Up to <i>m</i> answers may be mendacious/erroneous or may be distorted before reaching Player II. In his monograph “Fault-Tolerant Search Algorithms. Reliable Computation with Unreliable Information”, F. Cicalese provides a comprehensive account of many models of the game and their applications in error-correcting coding with noiseless feedback. Since for <InlineEquation ID="IEq5"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(m&gt;0\)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation> lies the game is not called off by contradictory answers, and repeated answers to the same question are more informative than single answers, the underlying logic of the game with <i>m</i> lies is not boolean. Indeed, the logic of Rényi-Ulam games is Łukasiewicz infinite-valued logic Ł<InlineEquation ID="IEq6"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(_\infty \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mmultiscripts> <mrow /> <mi>∞</mi> <mrow /> </mmultiscripts> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>. In this paper we consider Ulam-Rényi games with variable numbers of lies over infinite search spaces. We characterize the MV-algebras and the unital Specker <InlineEquation ID="IEq7"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\ell \)</EquationSource> <EquationSource Format="MATHML"><math> <mi>ℓ</mi> </math></EquationSource> </InlineEquation>-groups given by the logic of these games.</p>

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Ulam-Rényi Games, MV-Algebras, Specker \(\ell \)-Groups

  • Daniele Mundici

摘要

In the original Ulam-Rényi game with m lies/errors, Player I chooses a secret number \({\bar{x}}\) x ¯ in a finite search space S, and Player II must guess \({\bar{x}}\) x ¯ by adaptively asking Player I a minimum number of binary questions. Up to m answers may be mendacious/erroneous or may be distorted before reaching Player II. In his monograph “Fault-Tolerant Search Algorithms. Reliable Computation with Unreliable Information”, F. Cicalese provides a comprehensive account of many models of the game and their applications in error-correcting coding with noiseless feedback. Since for \(m>0\) m > 0 lies the game is not called off by contradictory answers, and repeated answers to the same question are more informative than single answers, the underlying logic of the game with m lies is not boolean. Indeed, the logic of Rényi-Ulam games is Łukasiewicz infinite-valued logic Ł \(_\infty \) . In this paper we consider Ulam-Rényi games with variable numbers of lies over infinite search spaces. We characterize the MV-algebras and the unital Specker \(\ell \) -groups given by the logic of these games.