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Do applied statisticians prefer more randomness or less? Bootstrap or Jackknife?

  • Yannis G. Yatracos

摘要

Bootstrap and Jackknife estimates, \(T_{n,B}^*\) T n , B and \(T_{n,J},\) T n , J , respectively, of a population parameter \(\theta \) θ are both used in statistical computations; n is the sample size, B is the number of Bootstrap samples. For any \(n_0\) n 0 and \(B_0,\) B 0 , Bootstrap samples do not add new information about \(\theta \) θ being observations from the original sample and when \(B_0<\infty ,\) B 0 < , \(T_{n_0,B_0}^*\) T n 0 , B 0 includes also resampling variability, an additional source of uncertainty not affecting \(T_{n_0, J}.\) T n 0 , J . These are neglected in theoretical papers with results for the utopian \(T_{n, \infty }^*, \) T n , , that do not hold for \(B<\infty .\) B < . The consequence is that \(T^*_{n_0, B_0}\) T n 0 , B 0 is expected to have larger mean squared error (MSE) than \(T_{n_0,J},\) T n 0 , J , namely \(T_{n_0,B_0}^*\) T n 0 , B 0 is inadmissible. The amount of inadmissibility may be very large when populations’ parameters, e.g. the variance, are unbounded and/or with big data. A palliating remedy is increasing B,  the larger the better, but the MSEs ordering remains unchanged for \(B<\infty .\) B < . This is confirmed theoretically when \(\theta \) θ is the mean of a population, and is observed in the estimated total MSE for linear regression coefficients. In the latter, the chance the estimated total MSE with \(T_{n,B}^*\) T n , B improves that with \(T_{n,J}\) T n , J decreases to 0 as B increases.