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<p>Accurate and rapid biosensing is vital for early biomedical diagnostics and real-time healthcare monitoring. THz metasurface sensors combined with 2D materials has emerged as promising platforms due to their strong light–matter interaction, tunable plasmonic behavior and high sensitivity to refractive index variations. In this study, a multilayer THz metasurface biosensor integrating a ternary 2D heterostructure of WS<sub>2</sub> (tungsten disulfide), BP (black phosphorus) and graphene on a gold metasurface is designed and validated numerically. The proposed structure consists of a WS<sub>2</sub>-coated central rectangular bar resonator, two gold-coated side resonators, and a gold circular ring resonator placed on a graphene layer supported by a silicon dioxide (SiO<sub>2</sub>) substrate. Full-wave finite element simulations performed in COMSOL Multiphysics demonstrates that tuning the graphene chemical potential varied from 0.1 to 0.9&#xa0;eV dynamically modulates the transmission response, while the sensor desgin maintains angular stability for incidence angles ranging from 0° to 80°. For label-free pregnancy detection within a refractive index range of 1.335–1.343, the biosensor attains a maximum sensitivity of 1000&#xa0;GHz/RIU, figure of merit of 142.86 RIU<sup>−1</sup>, and detection limit of 0.0076 RIU. The resonance frequency shifts linearly with increasing RI following F = − 0.3421R + 1.0479 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.889), demonstrating predictable sensing behavior. In addition, a Random Forest regression model predicts the electromagnetic response across varying incidence angles with an average R<sup>2</sup> of 0.9941 and a mean RMSE of 0.00644. Comparative analysis with existing RI-based biosensors validates that the proposed sensor provides a competitive sensitivity within the clinically relevant range, highlighting its potential for real-time, label-free and point-of-care biomedical sensing applications.</p>

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Multilayer WS2/Graphene/Black Phosphorus Terahertz Metasurface Biosensor for Label-Free Pregnancy Detection with Machine Learning–Assisted Response Prediction

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月27日

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  • Zahid Ahmed,
  • P. Renukadevi,
  • Pankaj Pathak,
  • V. Kalaipoonguzhali,
  • P. Parthasarathy

摘要

Accurate and rapid biosensing is vital for early biomedical diagnostics and real-time healthcare monitoring. THz metasurface sensors combined with 2D materials has emerged as promising platforms due to their strong light–matter interaction, tunable plasmonic behavior and high sensitivity to refractive index variations. In this study, a multilayer THz metasurface biosensor integrating a ternary 2D heterostructure of WS2 (tungsten disulfide), BP (black phosphorus) and graphene on a gold metasurface is designed and validated numerically. The proposed structure consists of a WS2-coated central rectangular bar resonator, two gold-coated side resonators, and a gold circular ring resonator placed on a graphene layer supported by a silicon dioxide (SiO2) substrate. Full-wave finite element simulations performed in COMSOL Multiphysics demonstrates that tuning the graphene chemical potential varied from 0.1 to 0.9 eV dynamically modulates the transmission response, while the sensor desgin maintains angular stability for incidence angles ranging from 0° to 80°. For label-free pregnancy detection within a refractive index range of 1.335–1.343, the biosensor attains a maximum sensitivity of 1000 GHz/RIU, figure of merit of 142.86 RIU−1, and detection limit of 0.0076 RIU. The resonance frequency shifts linearly with increasing RI following F = − 0.3421R + 1.0479 (R2 = 0.889), demonstrating predictable sensing behavior. In addition, a Random Forest regression model predicts the electromagnetic response across varying incidence angles with an average R2 of 0.9941 and a mean RMSE of 0.00644. Comparative analysis with existing RI-based biosensors validates that the proposed sensor provides a competitive sensitivity within the clinically relevant range, highlighting its potential for real-time, label-free and point-of-care biomedical sensing applications.