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<p>In this work, we numerically investigate a photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based surface plasmon polariton (SPP) refractive index sensor using the finite element method. The designed structure exhibits a pronounced resonance loss peak in the visible wavelength region, enabling refractive index sensing through both spectral and amplitude interrogation methods. In spectral interrogation mode, the resonance wavelength λ<sub>res</sub> shifts toward longer wavelengths as the analyte refractive index increases from 1.33 to 1.36, resulting in a spectral sensitivity of S<sub>λ</sub>=160&#xa0;nm/RIU with a coefficient of determination R<sup>2</sup>= 0.914. In amplitude interrogation mode, an optimal operating wavelength λ<sub>0</sub> = 569&#xa0;nm is selected on the steep region of the resonance curve, yielding an amplitude sensitivity of S<sub>A</sub> = − 4.269 × 10<sup>5</sup> (dB/cm)/RIU with R<sup>2</sup>= 0.793. The limit of detection (LOD) is evaluated for both methods. For spectral interrogation, assuming a wavelength resolution of δλ = 0.1&#xa0;nm, the LOD is estimated as 6.25 × 10<sup>− 4</sup> RIU. For amplitude interrogation, considering a loss uncertainty of δLoss = 10 dB/cm, the LOD is 1.89 × 10<sup>− 5</sup> RIU. These results indicate that the proposed PCF–SPP sensor supports dual interrogation modes, where spectral interrogation provides better linearity and calibration reliability, while amplitude interrogation offers a lower theoretical detection limit under the assumed conditions.</p>

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Dual-Mode Interrogation of a PCF–SPP Refractive Index Sensor: Spectral Calibration and Amplitude-Based Limit of Detection

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月13日

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  • Younes Errouas,
  • Ilyass El kadmiri,
  • Driss Bria

摘要

In this work, we numerically investigate a photonic crystal fiber (PCF)-based surface plasmon polariton (SPP) refractive index sensor using the finite element method. The designed structure exhibits a pronounced resonance loss peak in the visible wavelength region, enabling refractive index sensing through both spectral and amplitude interrogation methods. In spectral interrogation mode, the resonance wavelength λres shifts toward longer wavelengths as the analyte refractive index increases from 1.33 to 1.36, resulting in a spectral sensitivity of Sλ=160 nm/RIU with a coefficient of determination R2= 0.914. In amplitude interrogation mode, an optimal operating wavelength λ0 = 569 nm is selected on the steep region of the resonance curve, yielding an amplitude sensitivity of SA = − 4.269 × 105 (dB/cm)/RIU with R2= 0.793. The limit of detection (LOD) is evaluated for both methods. For spectral interrogation, assuming a wavelength resolution of δλ = 0.1 nm, the LOD is estimated as 6.25 × 10− 4 RIU. For amplitude interrogation, considering a loss uncertainty of δLoss = 10 dB/cm, the LOD is 1.89 × 10− 5 RIU. These results indicate that the proposed PCF–SPP sensor supports dual interrogation modes, where spectral interrogation provides better linearity and calibration reliability, while amplitude interrogation offers a lower theoretical detection limit under the assumed conditions.