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<p>This study presents a novel spectrophotometric continuous flow injection analysis (CFIA) system for the quantification of copper (II) ions (Cu²⁺) via the Cu<sup>2+</sup>–thiocyanate (Cu (SCN)<sub>2</sub>) precipitate. A homemade photometric instrument was designed and constructed to serve as the detection unit. The analytical cell was engineered in a brass incubator that contained a central flow tube positioned longitudinally through the incubator. Two orthogonal arrays of eight apertures were machined: the 0–180° and 0–90° axes aligned to the flow tube to contain the accommodated high-intensity blue LEDs arranged to surround the flow cell at each side with a twin solar cell photonic detector. This configuration guaranteed accurate optical alignment between radiation sources and the detector. The Cu (SCN)<sub>2</sub> precipitate was analyzed for its scattering and absorbance properties. A strict optimization of chemical and physical parameters was conducted to maximize signal intensity and reproducibility. Calibration with 20 experimental points demonstrated excellent linearity in the range 0.05–15 mmol/L, with a correlation coefficient <InlineEquation ID="IEq1"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:r=0.9987\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> and a coefficient of determination <InlineEquation ID="IEq2"> <EquationSource Format="TEX">\(\:{R}^{2}=0.9974\)</EquationSource> </InlineEquation> (99.74% explained variance and a limit of detection (LOD) of 12.5 µmol/L, superior to conventional turbidity (LOD ≈ 250 µmol/L). Application to certified alloys confirmed accuracy, with paired t-tests and individual t-tests showing no significant difference (t-tab &gt; t-cal) between the proposed and reference methods.</p>

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Microfluidic Dual -Solar Cell Optical Analyzer with Octa - Orthogonal Blue-Light Illumination for Nanogram-Level Copper Ion Determination in Environmental and Alloy Samples

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月30日

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  • Ghufran K. Allawi,
  • N. S. Turkey

摘要

This study presents a novel spectrophotometric continuous flow injection analysis (CFIA) system for the quantification of copper (II) ions (Cu²⁺) via the Cu2+–thiocyanate (Cu (SCN)2) precipitate. A homemade photometric instrument was designed and constructed to serve as the detection unit. The analytical cell was engineered in a brass incubator that contained a central flow tube positioned longitudinally through the incubator. Two orthogonal arrays of eight apertures were machined: the 0–180° and 0–90° axes aligned to the flow tube to contain the accommodated high-intensity blue LEDs arranged to surround the flow cell at each side with a twin solar cell photonic detector. This configuration guaranteed accurate optical alignment between radiation sources and the detector. The Cu (SCN)2 precipitate was analyzed for its scattering and absorbance properties. A strict optimization of chemical and physical parameters was conducted to maximize signal intensity and reproducibility. Calibration with 20 experimental points demonstrated excellent linearity in the range 0.05–15 mmol/L, with a correlation coefficient \(\:r=0.9987\) and a coefficient of determination \(\:{R}^{2}=0.9974\) (99.74% explained variance and a limit of detection (LOD) of 12.5 µmol/L, superior to conventional turbidity (LOD ≈ 250 µmol/L). Application to certified alloys confirmed accuracy, with paired t-tests and individual t-tests showing no significant difference (t-tab > t-cal) between the proposed and reference methods.