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<p>Urea is a key clinical biomarker for monitoring renal function and diagnosing kidney-related disorders. However, conventional detection methods are often limited by complex instrumentation, matrix interference, and insufficient sensitivity for real-time applications. In this study, a non-enzymatic molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was developed for sensitive and selective urea detection. The sensor is based on a gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode, onto which a molecularly imprinted polymer was electropolymerized using pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid as the functional monomer, enabling the formation of template-shaped recognition sites complementary to urea. Comprehensive characterization was performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), confirming successful formation of the imprinted layer. Experimental parameters, including monomer-to-template ratio, pH, and desorption conditions, were systematically optimized. The sensor exhibited a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.9 nM, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 11.9 nM, and a rapid response time of 200&#xa0;s, as determined by single-frequency chronoimpedance analysis. High selectivity, reproducibility, and storage stability were demonstrated, and accurate urea detection was achieved in artificial serum samples. This cost-effective, miniaturizable, and enzyme-free sensing platform shows strong potential for point-of-care diagnostics and biomedical monitoring.</p>

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Time-Resolved Single-Frequency Chronoimpedance Molecularly Imprinted Urea Sensor

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月7日

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  • Elif Esen Coşkun,
  • M. Nalan Demir,
  • H. Deniz Ertuğrul Uygun

摘要

Urea is a key clinical biomarker for monitoring renal function and diagnosing kidney-related disorders. However, conventional detection methods are often limited by complex instrumentation, matrix interference, and insufficient sensitivity for real-time applications. In this study, a non-enzymatic molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor was developed for sensitive and selective urea detection. The sensor is based on a gold nanoparticle-modified screen-printed carbon electrode, onto which a molecularly imprinted polymer was electropolymerized using pyrrole-3-carboxylic acid as the functional monomer, enabling the formation of template-shaped recognition sites complementary to urea. Comprehensive characterization was performed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), confirming successful formation of the imprinted layer. Experimental parameters, including monomer-to-template ratio, pH, and desorption conditions, were systematically optimized. The sensor exhibited a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.9 nM, a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 11.9 nM, and a rapid response time of 200 s, as determined by single-frequency chronoimpedance analysis. High selectivity, reproducibility, and storage stability were demonstrated, and accurate urea detection was achieved in artificial serum samples. This cost-effective, miniaturizable, and enzyme-free sensing platform shows strong potential for point-of-care diagnostics and biomedical monitoring.