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<p>Early detection of cancer biomarkers demands sensing platforms with ultra-high sensitivity, tunability, and operational robustness. Terahertz metasurface sensors enhanced with two-dimensional materials such as graphene offer strong light–matter interaction and electrically controllable plasmonic responses, yet many existing designs exhibit limited sensitivity and weak angular stability. In this work, a graphene-enhanced metasurface sensor based on V-shaped copper resonators is proposed and rigorously analyzed using Maxwell’s equations coupled with graphene’s tensorial surface conductivity derived from the Kubo formalism. Parametric studies reveal pronounced tunability with graphene chemical potential (GCP), where transmittance decreases from 98.427% to 35.991% as GCP increases from 0.1 to 0.9&#xa0;eV. Angular analysis demonstrates robust performance, with transmittance reducing from 41.537% at normal incidence to 11.053% at 80°. At an analyte refractive index of 1.38, the sensor achieves a maximum sensitivity of 1000&#xa0;GHz/RIU, surpassing previously reported metasurface sensors (150–500&#xa0;GHz/RIU). A peak figure of merit of 21.277 RIU<sup>−1</sup> and a detection limit of 0.082 RIU are obtained. A strong linear relationship between refractive index and resonance frequency (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.95276) ensures reliable sensing behavior. Machine-learning validation using XGBoost achieves up to 90% prediction accuracy across varying incident angles. Owing to its exceptional sensitivity, electrical tunability, and angular robustness, the proposed sensor is well suited for compact and accurate point-of-care cancer diagnostic applications.</p>

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Graphene-Enhanced V-Shaped Metasurface Resonators for High-Sensitivity Refractive Index Sensing: Electromagnetic Modeling and Machine-Learning Validation

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月21日

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  • S. Elakkiya,
  • Kumaravel Kaliaperumal,
  • P. Renukadevi,
  • Gopu Venugopal,
  • Manjunathan Alagarsamy

摘要

Early detection of cancer biomarkers demands sensing platforms with ultra-high sensitivity, tunability, and operational robustness. Terahertz metasurface sensors enhanced with two-dimensional materials such as graphene offer strong light–matter interaction and electrically controllable plasmonic responses, yet many existing designs exhibit limited sensitivity and weak angular stability. In this work, a graphene-enhanced metasurface sensor based on V-shaped copper resonators is proposed and rigorously analyzed using Maxwell’s equations coupled with graphene’s tensorial surface conductivity derived from the Kubo formalism. Parametric studies reveal pronounced tunability with graphene chemical potential (GCP), where transmittance decreases from 98.427% to 35.991% as GCP increases from 0.1 to 0.9 eV. Angular analysis demonstrates robust performance, with transmittance reducing from 41.537% at normal incidence to 11.053% at 80°. At an analyte refractive index of 1.38, the sensor achieves a maximum sensitivity of 1000 GHz/RIU, surpassing previously reported metasurface sensors (150–500 GHz/RIU). A peak figure of merit of 21.277 RIU−1 and a detection limit of 0.082 RIU are obtained. A strong linear relationship between refractive index and resonance frequency (R2 = 0.95276) ensures reliable sensing behavior. Machine-learning validation using XGBoost achieves up to 90% prediction accuracy across varying incident angles. Owing to its exceptional sensitivity, electrical tunability, and angular robustness, the proposed sensor is well suited for compact and accurate point-of-care cancer diagnostic applications.