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<p>The present study highlights the dual functionality of rare earth metal-doped ZnO nanoparticles (Sm-ZnO, Dy-ZnO, and Nd-ZnO) for electrochemical sensing and photocatalytic applications. An eco-friendly approach was utilized for the green synthesis of nanoparticles using flower petals of <i>Rhododendron arboreum.</i> The detailed investigations of the structural, morphological, and optical properties were carried out using XRD, HRTEM, FESEM, XPS, EDX, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The XPS spectra exhibited + 3 oxidation state of Dy, Sm and Nd dopants and confirmed their successful incorporation in Dy-ZnO, Sm-ZnO, and Nd-ZnO nanoparticles, respectively. The XRD diffractogram indicated sharp peaks corresponding to a hexagonal wurtzite structure of all the nanoparticles. The Rietveld analysis depicted the increased lattice parameters of Nd-ZnO nanoparticles attributing to larger ionic radii of Nd<sup>+ 3</sup> (0.983 Å) compared to Sm<sup>+ 3</sup> (0.958 Å) and Dy<sup>+ 3</sup> (0.91 Å). FESEM images showed densely packed nanoparticles arranged in a well-defined flower morphology with good homogeneity. The average petals size was estimated from HRTEM images and was found to be 120&#xa0;nm, 180&#xa0;nm, and 272&#xa0;nm for Dy-ZnO, Sm-ZnO, and Nd-ZnO respectively. The optical bandgap analysis revealed a significant narrowing of the band gap for Nd-ZnO (E<sub>g</sub>=1.97&#xa0;eV) and Sm-ZnO (E<sub>g</sub>=1.98&#xa0;eV) compared to Dy-ZnO (2.65&#xa0;eV) nanoparticles. The electrochemical sensing performance of the nanoparticles demonstrated high sensitivity up to 0.338&#xa0;mA/Mcm<sup>2</sup> toward metformin hydrochloride in aqueous media. Furthermore, their photocatalytic efficiency was assessed for the degradation of textile dyes (novacron brown, novacron red, and novacron yellow), achieving up to 84% decolorization. These findings highlight the potential of rare earth-doped ZnO nanoparticles for advanced environmental and pharmaceutical applications.</p>

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Detection of Antidiabetic Drug Metformin Hydrochloride in Aqueous Environment Using Rare Earth-Doped ZnO Biosensors

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月6日

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  • Palak Ahir,
  • Vishal Thakur,
  • Parveen Kumar,
  • Palak Verma,
  • Alpana Thakur,
  • Sunil Kumar

摘要

The present study highlights the dual functionality of rare earth metal-doped ZnO nanoparticles (Sm-ZnO, Dy-ZnO, and Nd-ZnO) for electrochemical sensing and photocatalytic applications. An eco-friendly approach was utilized for the green synthesis of nanoparticles using flower petals of Rhododendron arboreum. The detailed investigations of the structural, morphological, and optical properties were carried out using XRD, HRTEM, FESEM, XPS, EDX, and UV-visible spectroscopy. The XPS spectra exhibited + 3 oxidation state of Dy, Sm and Nd dopants and confirmed their successful incorporation in Dy-ZnO, Sm-ZnO, and Nd-ZnO nanoparticles, respectively. The XRD diffractogram indicated sharp peaks corresponding to a hexagonal wurtzite structure of all the nanoparticles. The Rietveld analysis depicted the increased lattice parameters of Nd-ZnO nanoparticles attributing to larger ionic radii of Nd+ 3 (0.983 Å) compared to Sm+ 3 (0.958 Å) and Dy+ 3 (0.91 Å). FESEM images showed densely packed nanoparticles arranged in a well-defined flower morphology with good homogeneity. The average petals size was estimated from HRTEM images and was found to be 120 nm, 180 nm, and 272 nm for Dy-ZnO, Sm-ZnO, and Nd-ZnO respectively. The optical bandgap analysis revealed a significant narrowing of the band gap for Nd-ZnO (Eg=1.97 eV) and Sm-ZnO (Eg=1.98 eV) compared to Dy-ZnO (2.65 eV) nanoparticles. The electrochemical sensing performance of the nanoparticles demonstrated high sensitivity up to 0.338 mA/Mcm2 toward metformin hydrochloride in aqueous media. Furthermore, their photocatalytic efficiency was assessed for the degradation of textile dyes (novacron brown, novacron red, and novacron yellow), achieving up to 84% decolorization. These findings highlight the potential of rare earth-doped ZnO nanoparticles for advanced environmental and pharmaceutical applications.