Gendered Racism and Anticipated Pregnancy-Specific Stress Among Non-Pregnant Nulliparous Black, Latina, and Multiracial Women
摘要
Black, Latina, Multiracial, and Indigenous Women in the United States experience disproportionate adverse reproductive health outcomes. Discrimination, stigma, and resulting stress are potent contributors to these disparities. We investigated gendered racism, anticipated pregnancy-specific gendered racism, anticipated pregnancy-specific stress, everyday discrimination, birth control-related mistrust, feelings about pregnancy, and desire to have children among a geographically diverse online sample of 872 non-pregnant, nulliparous (i.e., individuals who have never given birth) Women in the United States who identified as Black, Latina, Multiracial (including Black and/or Latina), and/or white. Results confirmed that Black, Latina, and Multiracial Women experienced and anticipated greater gendered racism and less desire to have children than did white Women. As hypothesized, gendered racism experiences were associated with greater anticipated pregnancy-specific stress, and this association was mediated by greater anticipated pregnancy-specific gendered racism. Among only Black, Latina, and Multiracial Women (n = 315), birth control-related mistrust—a consequence of historical and contemporary gendered racism—was indirectly associated with greater anticipated pregnancy-specific stress through greater anticipated pregnancy-specific gendered racism. Using a life course perspective, the results demonstrate that gendered racism shapes expectations about pregnancy before it occurs, potentially elevating stress during pregnancy and thereby heightening the risk for adverse birth outcomes among Women of Color. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of considering Women of Color’s experiences across the lifespan, not just during pregnancy, to inform social justice and health interventions.